Technical And Vocational Education

Specialized And Vocational Education The improvement of Technical and Vocational Education and Training has obviously been viewed as a key to national neediness decrease and financial advancement in Cambodia, as characterized in the Rectangle Strategy of the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) and the five-year National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) 2006-2010. These demonstrate a guarantee to abilities improvement. The National TVET Development Plan, 2006-2011, likewise distinguishes the TVET part as a significant component in reducing destitution, advancing harmony, rationing the earth, improving the personal satisfaction for all, and accomplishing supportable improvement in Cambodia. In any case, Cambodias current TVET framework is confronting a few basic issues, for example, absence of access to formal preparing on a national premise, powerless connections with industry, absence of pioneering center, low quality control, insufficient institutional financing, low paces of data and correspondence innovation (ICT) ut ilization and low limit of TVET educators, which have constrained the amount and nature of framework yields for a considerable length of time (e.g., Asian Development Bank [ADB], 2009; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], 2004b; International Project on Technical and Vocational Education [UNEVOC], 1997). With the basic significance of the TVET area, the TVET educational program must be solid and steady for the accomplishment of understudies at the working environment. It can mean the distinction among progress and disappointment for TVET understudies as far as hypothetical information and specialized aptitudes just as being side by side with new advancements in the working environment (African Union, 2007). Also, Ben-Peretz (2009) determined the school educational plan as one of three basic areas of training, which ought to get ready understudies for their future achievement. As detailed by United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (2011) one of the most crucial parts of training is to deliver a workforce which is dexterous and ready to pick up returns on their instruction and for the general economy when they are in their vocations. Along these lines, the training framework must have the option to comprehend the requirements and necessities of the economy and get ready students for their monetary lives (UNDP, 2011). Nonetheless, TVET educational programs have not engaged their importance to the prerequisites of the work advertise in numerous nations; and in different countries, for different reasons, bosses or administrators may want to employ untalented specialists or scholarly alumni and give hands on preparing programs (Maclean Lai, 2011). There don't appear to be solid gains and work headway in Cambodia (UNDP, 2011). Moreover, the harmony among hypothesis and practice has moved as of late. There is by all accounts a case about the (under)graduates view of the pertinence of TVET educational program to their current occupations. Notwithstanding, this narrative data was just heard second-hand from managers. That is, numerous businesses in Cambodia have grumbled about the educational plan confuse that most alumni from colleges and specialized schools are not well outfitted with information and abilities required at working environment, particularly delicate aptitudes (ADB, 2009; UNDP, 2011). In reality, the significance of review of (under)graduates impression of their investigation programs assists with improving the nature of TVET educational program, and could be significant for TVET educational plan change as directed in numerous nations (e.g., Lubasha Tripathi, 2012; Singh, 2008). For sure, the benefit of reviewing the view of understudies on the pertinence of the investigation program is something that the school advisory group ought to consider as being of down to earth significance to our own instructive foundation. The absence of criticism from understudies may most likely have been risky to the school curricular that were proposed to offer information and aptitudes for the universe of work. Since there is little data about understudies discernments on the curricular in Cambodian TVET particularly at my work environment, my investigation on this point will fill in as a supportive hotspot for TVET educational program advancement and improvement and gets the schoo l to progress filling holes between the educational program befuddle and the requirements of the businesses. The investigation of understudy premiums will concentrate on alumni of a TVET foundation, which is situated in Phnom Penh and offers instructive and preparing administrations from declaration levels to four year college educations in business and designing examinations. The investigation will be directed in Phnom Penh, and a gathering of alumni of structural building field between the scholastic years 2011-12 will be reached for surveys and individual meeting. Those alumni work in various employment positions and in various organizations. The overview examination will assist with advising the pioneers regarding the foundation to take a gander at the significance of understudy study on the importance of TVET curricular and the outcome will best serve for the school educational plan change. Explanation of Problem The bungle among training and business is basically worried to many related partners. They are likewise worried that most colleges and TVET organizations have given information and aptitudes, which are not pertinent to businesses (ADB, 2009; UNDP, 2011). In this manner, as in numerous nations, Cambodian alumni think that its hard to manage the employments accessible in labor showcase when their insight and abilities are far unique in relation to what they have encountered in schools (e.g., Lubasha Tripathi, 2012; Singh, 2008). The discernments from understudies are regularly ignored by numerous colleges and TVET schools in Cambodia; that is the reason study programs are frequently discovered of date in the current universe of work where graduates think that its difficult to enter. The understudy voice is regularly quieted, yet it very well may be viewed as a key mirror to mirror the great match of school educational plan and the business needs. Also, the superfluity of school educational programs is the basic issue looked by numerous instructive foundations in Cambodia (ADB, 2009; UNDP, 2011). Hence, the information and abilities required by managers can't be coordinated when bosses enlist graduates to play out the occupations. In this way, there are a few disappointments for managers to utilize graduates who have the information and abilities which are superfluous to their necessities. Numerous businesses have griped about the information and abilities gave at schools while graduates have communicated their uneasiness about what they have gained from schools. Examination Question Given this foundation to the examination, the exploration study will propose the accompanying exploration question, so as to investigate and inspect students impression of the importance of TVET study programs toward their present occupations: What discernments do graduates in a structural science certificate (the scholarly year 2011-12) at one Cambodian Institution hold as far as the significance of their examinations to their present occupations? Hugeness of the Research Study The central discoveries of this exploration study will add to the nature of school educational program advancement, and to the assurance of the pertinence of the examination programs regarding giving understudies aptitudes and information required in the realm of work in the field of structural designing. In particular, the investigation will be a useful reference for the advancement of TVET quality enhancements. Besides, the outcome will give significant data to important partners in the TVET division so as to help make the TVET stream as a principle apparatus for outfitting individuals with high information, aptitudes and ability for their work and employability in the serious world. Information in the investigation will ideally be used for the improvement of educational program and will likewise be utilized to decide territories of shortcomings. The discoveries can be utilized as an apparatus to give educators to more readily ace their showing rehearses and to help TVET establishm ents to make a database on understudies view of their investigation programs. So as to roll out viable improvements in offering any investigation programs, it is fundamental to get criticism from understudies who are associated with the particular projects. Ideally, this study will be a significant resource, and its discoveries will likewise fill in as a steady record for scientists from various fields of study to utilize and assemble their establishment information on TVET understudies view of the quality and importance of study projects to work businesses in the TVET framework. Section Two Writing Review By utilizing the web index Google Scholar and the James Cook University Library internet searcher with key terms including: the view of TVET understudies, the reason for advanced education and further instruction, the utilization of understudy criticism and overview, the nature of advanced education and further training, the job of advanced education (HE) and TVET, the importance of study projects to enterprises, and TVET, I have found and downloaded numerous helpful materials for my writing survey of my point. Albeit a few materials appear to be outdated, they are as yet helpful for the exploration study, since they can give a diagram on the point, and they can function as an establishment of information to help the writing survey. The Role of Higher Education in Preparing Undergraduates for Workforce The global setting. An article by Haveman and Smeeding (2006) expressed that most Americans anticipate the countries schools and colleges to advance the point of social assembly to make it workable for an understudy with capacity to succeed. As per Mortese (2003), advanced education can fill in as a model of supportability by completely incorporating all parts of grounds life that understudies have encountered for their future lives. Moreover, advanced education has become a significant driver of financial seriousness in an inexorably information driven worldwide economy when the world has confronted numerous issues (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD], 2010). To improve work aptitudes calls for quality instructing and all encompassing methodologies inside colleges (OECD, 2010; Ben-Peretz, 2009)

Indigenous Religion

Characterize indigenous religion, and depict at any rate one part of indigenous religions that exists in a comparative structure in a conventional standard religion. The word indigenous methods â€Å"originated in†, and along these lines the term â€Å"indigenous religion† implies â€Å"the unique religion of a spot. † Essentially this term is applied to the gathering of individuals of any religion, culture, or zone. The indigenous religion is a novel religion related with the specific gathering. For instance, the local clans in the United States follow indigenous strict convictions which are drilled with no impedance of outsiders.Another model is â€Å"Shinto† from Japan which is kept uniquely to a specific spot and isn't rehearsed anyplace outside of Japan. In this way, all the way of life had been indigenous at one time which has developed gradually and bit by bit. The parts of the indigenous religion which have never showed signs of change are is the i dea of human penance which was important to pick up the consideration, or to draw nearer to God. In present day Judeo-Christianity, the torturous killing and (affirmed) revival of Jesus, blood penance was engaged so as to make compensation and pay for sins.Thus, the old and savage demonstration of giving up a human with a specific goal in mind is alive from the conventional time to current. The term religion is characterized diversely by various creators and analysts. It alludes to the confidence in profound creatures or it is the convictions and practices that join a few gatherings of individuals into a solitary good network. It is vital for the general public in view of the assortment of reasons. Religion can have incredible significance for a general public for an assortment of reasons and relies upon the way of life and legislative style; it encourages the controlling procedure of society.In countries where the administration has a lot of authority over the populace, religion as sumes the considerable job. Characterize religion, and talk about why it is valuable in the public eye. Clarify why it is significant for you by and by to comprehend the convictions of different strict gatherings. The conflict among religion and science has consistently been the subject of discussion for a considerable length of time. The science relies upon legitimate thinking and induction while strict convictions depend on disclosure, confidence and sacredness.According to certain researchers, science and religion are totally discrete as religion is a fantasy while science is supported by proof. Subsequently, they can't be joined in agreement. As per me, both science and religion can coincide as these are totally various things. Be that as it may, a definitive point of both is for the improvement of humanity and in this way, interconnection may frame among science and religion. In addition, up to an individual has separate profound convictions from exact realities, science and re ligion can really exist together as being strict doesn't suggest that it is the clashing conviction with science.

10 Leadership Principles for Next-Generation Leaders

10 Leadership Principles for Next-Generation Leaders “Success is more permanent when you achieve it without destroying your principles.” â€" Walter CronkitePrinciples are essential for leaders, as they give the leaders guidance and focus to navigate through the challenges leadership imposes on them. But leadership is in constant change, as successful leadership is a reflection of the world around it. © Shutterstock.com | Sunny studioTherefore, the leadership principles for the next-generation leaders might not be the same as the principles of today’s leaders. In this guide, we’ll outline the ten core principles the future leader should focus on.Principle 1. LEAD BY SETTING AN EXAMPLEThe most important principle for the next-generation leader is to lead by example. Leaders are not there to tell people what to do, but to show them how and why to perform the specific tasks. You essentially need to understand the difference between a leader and a boss. The core idea of leadership is the ability to inspire people and in order to do that you can’t just bark orders. If you want people to buy into your vision, then you need to show them why the vision is worth working for with your actions and behavior.While you definitely need to draft a strong vision to guide you through, the vision should ultimately be built around your ability to do what you preach. A vision that the leader is n’t committed to work towards himself or herself, is as strong as a house of cards.A leader leads â€" he or she walks in the front, while inspired followers follow performing and mimicking the behaviors and actions they see the leader do. You can’t expect the followers to behave in a specific way, if you go around doing the opposite or not doing anything at all.Do you want your team to focus on excellence? Then become excellent at what you do and empower the others to do the same. You can implement true organizational change by changing the mindset and behavior of the team through example. If they can look up to you as the leader and see confidence, resilience, excellence and dedication, they will want to mirror this behavior.Principle 2. SEEK OUT CHANGE NOT FAMEThe next-generation of leaders has to focus even more than ever on setting out their vision of the future. You must be able to create a transformative vision because it’s the only way to get people on your side. You ca n’t inspire and motivate people to work hard, if they don’t know what they are working for or they don’t believe in the objectives you’ve laid out.The vision you define should focus on change, not fame. Leadership is not about getting your place in the sun â€" it is not about you. A great leader is looking to change the course of an organization, a team or even society. It’s about changing and empowering the employees and growing as a person and as a leader while doing it. If you are in it for fame or the money, you are inevitably going to fail as a leader. You might have money, but you won’t have the backing and respect of the people you are controlling.The above does not imply you shouldn’t think big. It’s not about hiding away from publicity or recognition, but it’s about focusing on the cause. The fame and the money might well come as a consequence of your leadership vision, but these are not the objectives that should drive your vision. Think about the greates t leaders in history, such as Dr Martin Luther King. Leaders like him didn’t seek to be famous, they wanted to dream big and break down the injustice they found in society.To this day, these great leaders are studied and talked about because they had big ideas and they weren’t afraid to work towards their objectives. Ambition is not a dirty word. You need ambition to push your limits. But as a leader, you need to direct your ambition towards a vision that is not just about you, but which has the power to empower and transform the people, the organization, and the community around you.You need to be clear about your vision and your values right from the start. It’s crucial to spend enough time figuring out what you are passionate about. Leadership requires perseverance and this is where going after your passion and vision becomes crucial. If you focus on a superficial objective, like fame, you aren’t going to be as committed to giving it your all and working those long nights to achieve it as you would by focusing on your passion.Finding your passion and creating a vision you truly believe in can be the guiding light and support structure you need. Furthermore, it’ll provide you with authenticity, which you need in order to inspire your team.Principle 3. FOCUS ON THE ESSENCE OF BEING A LEADERBeing a leader is not a position you gain; it’s not about having a special title or a specific role within an organization. Being a leader is about behavior and actions. You can be a leader, even if you aren’t in a senior level in an organization and you can find examples of people who call themselves leaders because of their position of power, but who in fact act more like bosses. Whatever you do, always remember the essence of being a leader: sharing your vision with people and inspiring them to follow your cause.Examine different leaders, listen to them sharing their wisdom and discover the characteristics, skills and traits that make them successful at wha t they do. You can find many resources on leadership and being a leader. One great way is to watch interviews. For example, the YouTube clip below has Richard Branson share his views on the essential quality of a leader: Use the information and experience to develop your own leadership style and strategy. Identify your strengths and weaknesses as a leader, utilizing them as part of your chosen style. By understanding your own behavior and how it influences your abilities as a leader, you can continue developing your skills. But more important is how it can help you realize how your behavior defines your success as a leader, not your place within an organizations hierarchy.You can’t be complacent and expect people to look up to you as a leader when you gain a powerful position. Don’t lull yourself into thinking that people will follow you and buy into your vision just because you are at the top. Your actions and your attitude are the only ways you can convince people of your visi on and ensure they want to follow you and help you achieve the objectives.As a leader, it’s your behavior and your communication, which guarantee people are inspired and respect you. It’s your ability to take responsibility for your actions, your power to change and transform things around you, and your empowering nature, which helps others unleash their own potential; these are the behaviors a leader shows and implements.Principle 4. PLACE VALUES AT THE HEART OF EVERY ACTIONLeadership in the future will continue to emphasize people, the vision and the leader’s ability to change things around. The future worker is looking for different things; research has highlighted how the Millennials are extensively focused on flexible working opportunities and working with great peers, as well as proper remuneration and job security.Furthermore, The 2016 Deloitte Millennial Survey showed that future employees are interested in the impact and value of the job they get or perform. While fle xibility, work/life balance, and career progression are among the top priorities when searching for a job, things like “sense of meaning from my work” and “the impact is has on society” are increasing in importance.Therefore, a future leader must have a strong vision to present to the followers to ensure they are inspired and motivated. If you focus on the values that matter to you, you show authenticity as a leader and this will attract people to your team. It’s essential to notice how the vision cannot just be about operational efficiency or profit.The next-generation wants to focus on purpose and values. Ethics are becoming a core aspect of how job seekers prioritize their job search and applications, but also on how consumers spend their money. For a leader to create a meaningful message with an impact, his or her values must be at the core of the vision and the actions he or she takes.You must carefully identify your values and place them at the centre of your vision and everything else you do in life. MindTools has identified the key steps to identifying your true values:Step 1: Find the times you’ve been the happiest in your career and personal life.Step 2: Discover the times you’ve felt the proudest.Step 3: Identify the occasions you’ve felt fulfilled and satisfied.Step 4: Determine your values based on the above experiences.Step 5: Prioritize these values according to the most important.Step 6: Take a moment to reaffirm your feelings about the chosen values.Remember the above also means you need to be accountable. You can’t talk about the importance of sustainability, if you don’t follow it through with actions. As discussed in relation to the first principle, people will notice if you are just talking and expecting others to behave in a certain way. You need to lead by example when it comes to values or else you are just trying to fool the audience. As a leader, you can’t wear any masks. Principle 5. HARNESS AMBIGUITY AND UNCERT AINTYThe world can be an ambiguous place, with its ever-changing systems. We’re developing new technologies, creating new markets and products, and industries. Conventional wisdom in many fields, such as business, is constantly being challenged by these changes. The pace of transformation will only increase in the future, as technological advances continue to pick up. Your job as the future leader is to harness this ambiguity and uncertainty to your advantage, instead of crumbling under the pressure.Until we are able to develop real crystal balls, you need to find a way to prepare for the future. It’s essential to take a fresh look at everything around you and understand how it could all change, thus changing other areas, within a few months or years. You can already find plenty of examples of organizations that have failed in this task.For example, Kodak didn’t prepare well enough for the rise of digital cameras and then smartphones. Although the company used to be at the for efront of photography and even helped shape the market, it then fell off the wagon. Clara Gaymard, president and CEO of GE France, said in a Focus Magazine interview that,“If you are not able to manage ambiguity, and you need to understand everything before you start doing anything, you narrow everything and reduce your options and possibilities. This will not work in the future.”The next-generation of leaders can’t pretend they can know everything, neither should they try to be on top of everything, but instead embrace ambiguity and use the opportunities uncertainty provides to their advantage. The Focus Magazine article, written by Tracey Keys, identified eight principles to help future leaders to control and to benefit from ambiguity.Instead of looking outside of the box, get rid of the boxes.Think both in terms of outside-in and inside-out.Focus on root causes instead of symptoms.Approach things through two-directional thinking.Focus on relationship/networks instead of tra nsactions.Collaborate and co-create.Align purpose and profit.Steer away from complacent compliance.Embracing uncertainty and thinking differently won’t be easy. But if you start looking at change as something positive and indeed necessary, you start removing resistance and fear around the concept. Continue exploring the world, the different industries, skills and people to get a bigger perspective on things and to challenge your own thinking. This can help you prepare for the future and take control of ambiguity.Principle 6. CULTIVATE DIVERSITY AND COLLABORATIONDiversity is a huge strength for any organization and due to the increasingly interconnected nature of the world; embracing diversity should be at the core of your leadership strategy. Organizations today are not confined to a specific location, but people reach out and work with people from different countries and different backgrounds.This provides huge opportunities, which you as a next-generation leader must be able to harness to your advantage. Diversity is a tool to cultivate deeper collaboration because it allows you to find different approaches and perspectives to solving problems, creating new products, and interacting with people. Cultivating diversity is a powerful tool for embracing ambiguity as well.Workplace diversity has been studied extensively, with the findings supporting the statement: diversity breeds innovation, with innovation boosting success. Forbes study identified diversity, together with inclusion, as a key driver of business growth. Harvard Business School has found multicultural networks promoting more creativity and McKinsey’s research pointed out how organizations with a diverse executive board have been able to achieve not only higher earnings, but also increased returns on equity. As a leader, you need to ensure your organization and team is built on a diverse mix of backgrounds.Another important point to understand as a future leader is the requirement for collabora tion. The next-generation organization is unable to exist on its own. Knowledge is also becoming more shared, with businesses increasingly providing access to the information they have. Tesla is among companies that apply open source philosophy to the patents and technologies they use. Open source information will provide plenty of opportunities for organizations, but also for leaders to collaborate with others.Co-operation and collaboration should become a key focus for future leaders and reaching out to other organizations shouldn’t be considered problematic. In the future, organizations should be able to co-exist while still maintaining a level of competition. The key to remember is from the previous section that profit should align with purpose. The organizations vision shouldn’t just centre at the heart of making money, but creating meaningful change.Principle 7. FOCUS ON HARNESSING TECHNOLOGYTomorrow’s leaders cannot avoid the fact the world is becoming more technology-d riven. Technology is growing exponentially, which means the rate of new technology innovations is becoming shorter. Not only is this going to change the way organizations operate, it’ll also transform leadership. As a next-generation leader, you must embrace and harness technology as part of your leadership strategy.As technology develops, it can continue to provide two benefits you need to harness as a leader. First, technological advances will undoubtedly provide organizations with plenty of opportunities to improve operationally. Technology can boost productivity, create new markets and generally make it easier to achieve the organizations vision. New technologies could also be used to empower subordinates, through provision of development opportunities.But there’s another benefit to technology, which will specifically help the leader’s ability to lead. As a future leader, you will be able to harness different technologies that make leadership easier, perhaps by providing y ou more resources and opportunities to develop your skill. Already, the way we communicate with the workplace has changed, with technology allowing teams to work with each other across the world.Harnessing new technologies won’t be an easy task and as a future leader, you must allocate enough time to understand the opportunities and challenges of these technologies. Klaus Schwab, the founder of and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum, wrote about the leadership principles required during the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In the article, Schwab said:“For a prosperous future, we must ask how all of us, and the technological systems we design and build, can serve the proper ends and not be confined to the means. Our efforts must focus on the impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on human beings, society and the environment, and not just focus on technological progress or economic productivity.”Schwab identified four keys future leaders should focus on:Prioritizing systems instead of technologies.Empowering societies and avoiding a fatalistic and deterministic view of progress.Prioritizing futures by design instead of default and focusing on collaboration.Include values as a key feature of new technologies. As a next-generation leader, you should ensure you learn more about technologies operating in your industry, but also outside of it. Stay interested in the possibilities technology offers now, but also about the future visionary ideas out there. Keep your focus on the industry because its importance is only going to grow in the future and its impact will be felt across the organization, as well as society.Principle 8. EMBRACE VULNERABILITY AND ADVERSITYLeadership is not about being perfect. You will face challenges and you’ll undoubtedly make mistakes during your leadership journey. Instead of focusing on being perfect, you should focus on moving forward even when things are challenging. You can’t avoid mistakes; you need to accept you r vulnerability. Perhaps more crucially, you can’t just accept your own vulnerability as a leader, but embrace it in your subordinates.Don’t treat your subordinates as machines; people have needs, desires and wants, and even though they might not make sense to you, they are still real emotions to the person experiencing them. By understanding the vulnerabilities and imperfections in yourself and in others, you can approach people more empathetically. This empathy is essential for creating strong relationships. If you feel you can fully trust someone, then you are more likely to work hard to help the person achieve his or her vision.Vulnerability in principle is about the ability to admit your mistakes, as much as it is about being able to withstand failure. To understand why admitting your mistakes can actually be a good idea, watch the famous TedTalk by Kathryn Schulz: By admitting your failures, you can create an environment where employees aren’t afraid of failure, which ca n unleash a more creative workplace. In this open environment, people aren’t avoiding decisions or trying to stay away from the radar, but instead they put their heart and soul into working harder.Through your example, they understand that mistakes can happen, but they aren’t the end of the world and can, indeed, teach them something valuable and help them grow. Studies have shown how tomorrow’s leaders could benefit from embracing their softer characteristics, such as vulnerability. In fact, a person’s ability to lead can improve if he or she isn’t afraid of these ‘feminine’ emotions.In addition to embracing vulnerability, you should also approach adversity as an opportunity, rather than something negative that should be avoided. It’s not to say you should create chaos and challenges out of nothing, but you definitely shouldn’t try to move on afterwards without examining what happened. Mistakes are inevitable and by focusing on learning from them, you can turn the events into a positive rather than a negative event. You might have messed up a big contract, but on the other hand, you learned a valuable lesson in negotiating, which will boost your chances next time.If a difficult situation is facing the organization, you personally, or a member of your team, Dr Fab Mancini recommends focusing on three key things:Find lessons to learn from adversity.Persevere and remember the moment won’t last forever.Instead of fearing the situation, have faith in a positive outcome.Principle 9. BE WILLING TO DEVELOPNever allow yourself to become too satisfied as a leader. You shouldn’t ever reach a point where you feel fully satisfied with your leadership and the organizations position. Now the statement doesn’t mean you shouldn’t appreciate the things you’ve achieved or feel unthankful about the success you’ve had. But instead, you want to have an inner feeling where you know you have more to give and to achieve.Without continuous improvement, yo u can’t reach your potential or inspire your followers to push themselves forward. Focusing on development doesn’t mean you are somehow unqualified or bad as a leader the way you are. It simply means you understand how much knowledge there is in the world you still don’t have.As mentioned above, none of us is perfect. You must be willing to challenge yourself and the skills you possess, instead of trying to just excel and get along with what you already know. Approach your career and leadership as a journey of development, with the end station somewhere in your retirement future.You should embark on leadership development as soon as possible and continue to improve your leadership skills even after you’ve obtained a senior position. There will always be skills you don’t yet possess and characteristics you can improve on and strengthen. Furthermore, development is not just about focusing on the things you know or the skills relating to your industry. Spend enough time explo ring ideas from other sectors and broadening your understanding of the different leadership styles, despite which strategy you currently use.By embracing learning, you set an example, which will resonate across the organization and that will create an environment where development is always seen as a positive strategy.The world offers plenty of resources for development. You can read leadership books, get involved with conferences and seminars in your field, and take courses in subjects you find fascinating. But beyond these traditional learning mechanisms, you also want to surround yourself with people. Learning from others is among the most powerful ways to learn. You should also listen to famous leaders, such as Bill Gates, and find yourself a coach or a mentor.Leadership is not an easy walk in the park and by having a coach, you can increase your chances of staying resilient. Mentors offer support during tough times, but also ensure you don’t get comfortable in your position a nd leadership strategy. They will give you a deeper perspective in how you can improve and focus on the essentials.Finally, remember that development should focus on both personal growth as well as operational improvements. You need to stay on top of the organizational matters, including the market and the customer, because you can’t succeed as a leader without proper business acumen.Principle 10. NURTURE THE NEXT-GENERATION OF LEADERSLeadership is a continuum and your job is to ensure someone will be there to follow you, just as you followed in the footstep of today’s leaders. The organization will need to fill your shoes one day and it is your job as the leader to ensure the organization has a proper succession plan in place. Not only does nurturing the next-generation of leaders make it easier to find a leader to take your place one day, the whole organization will benefit from leadership development. Employees, who are taught more about leadership and the skills required to lead, will be more motivated and more knowledgeable.As a leader, you need to take enough time to ensure everyone in the organization has the opportunity to continue developing their skills and to define a career path that suits their skillset and abilities. The ideal situation is one where every employee performs better each year they work in the organization. To achieve this, you need to invest your time in mentoring and nurturing the talent within the organization. As a leader, you want to be involved in the grassroots; in areas such as hiring and monitoring the employees. This gives you a better understanding of the current leadership and talent pipeline.A study conducted by the PDI Ninth House examined the efficiency in which senior-level leaders were able to develop employees within their organization. The startling findings suggested that as leaders move higher within an organization, their ability to train others decrease. This happened even though leaders at higher levels re cognized how essential leadership development is at all stages. So, what should you do as a leader to ensure this doesn’t happen? There are a few essential ways to create a culture of talent development within your organization:Instill the value of learning in the organization. Move beyond focusing on results and use every assignment and task as a learning opportunity.Focus on being the role model. As discussed earlier, leading by example is an essential part of leadership. This also applies to learning; teach others about the value of development by continuously developing yourself further.Make development an organization-wide process. You should ensure each level of the organization is committed to developing employees and supporting each other to improve.Use problems as opportunities to develop. Every organization will face difficulties, but as a leader, you want to leverage them as opportunities to learn and improve.You should also remember the challenges and principles of the leaders following you would be slightly different. Just as these ten principles are aimed for the next-generation of leaders, by the time you are developing leaders some principles might have swapped places with others. It’s essential to ensure you identify the talents of the future.

Lena Horne An American Icon - 3136 Words

LENA HORNE: AN AMERICAN ICON Fela Langston MUSI 305 Section A Dr. Zigler 13 May 2015 Lena Horne: an American Icon Lena Horne, born Lena Mary Calhoun Horne in Brooklyn, New York was an American jazz vocalist, actress and civil rights activist who lived from June 30, 1917 to May 9, 2010. Although Horne’s beauty and her elegance received praise throughout her career, her talents and impact on American society are equally unforgettable. She was an eight time Grammy nominee and was the recipient of three, including the Lifetime Achievement Award in 1989. She was a Tony Award nominee in 1957 and an Emmy Award nominee in 1985. She was also the recipient of several other awards, including a Tony in 1981†¦show more content†¦According to E. Franklin Frazier, an African American sociologist, the black bourgeoisie emerged as an isolated social world that exists as a result of racial discrimination. Members of the black bourgeoisie considered themselves to be superior because they were educated and wealthier than most African Americans. As a result of their believed superiority, members of t he black bourgeoisie refused to identify with African American culture. Interestingly enough, members of this social group could not identify with white culture either; they were rejected by white society and held â€Å"contempt of the white world.† In accordance with this attitude, Lena Horne’s grandmother, Cora Calhoun, was an active member of the NAACP with a distaste for poor blacks as well as whites. Due to her grandmother’s disdain for African American culture, Cora Calhoun disapproved of the musical genres that developed in the black community. While living with her grandmother, Lena did not have the privilege of listening to gospel or the blues. Horne s grandmother also taught her to value respectability, by always [looking] people in the eye, [speaking] distinctly, and never [letting] anyone see her cry. Cora Calhoun s advice to her young granddaughter had a tremendous impact on Horne s performance style. Lena Horne’s experiences while

Analysis of Facing It by Yusef Komunyakaa Essay example

Analysis of Facing it by Yusef Komunyakaa Cruel and terrible events forever leave a mark on our memory. Especially, when these events are directly related to person, the memory reproduces every second of what happened. Unfortunately, humanity fully cognized the term of war. Facing it by Yusef Komunyakaa reveals another several sides of the war. Poem tells the reader about which consequences, the war left and how changed peoples lives. The hero identifies itself with the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, mourns all those killed and who did not return. That is why the poem is dramatic. War has become a part of the heros life, even after the ending. The title of the poem Facing it tells the reader that, while standing in front of the†¦show more content†¦Komunyakaa uses the image of Andrew Johnson in the poem, who was a member of the army infantry of hometown poet. This detail suggests that he could be in his place. The last lines assure us that the war left deep wounds in the hearts of the people: a womans trying to erase names / No, shes brushing a boys hair. Perhaps this woman has lost her husband during the war and the boy reminds her about the happened mountain and unwittingly returns her to past events. Created image clearly illustrates the loss and suffering, which are belonging to not the only one family. Facing it by Yusef Komunyakaa reveals to us other sides of the war, using vivid images and metaphors. The poem tells the story about the violent war, which is difficult test for a person. Unusual rhythm gives the poem its beauty and unforgettable character. The brevity of some of lines attached the poem dramatic hue. Hero, who identifies himself with the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, is allowing us to understand the atmosphere of the event and the sorrow of people affected by war. Yusef Komunyakaa reminds to the reader about the main things, such as courage, bravery and valor. Works cited Marvin, Thomas F. â€Å"Kommunyakaa’s Facing it.† The Explicator 61.4 (2003): 242+. LiteratureShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Poem Facing It By Yusef Komunyakaa1063 Words   |  5 Pagesare some of the most prevalent emotions in literature. In his poem, â€Å"Facing It,† Yusef Komunyakaa tells his experience with war and how it has affected him. The poem begins with the author experiencing a loss of identity as he is at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Then, he experiences nostalgia whilst reminiscing his past. Lastly, he experiences flashbacks that deter his ability to distinguish the past from the present. Komunyakaa wastes no time in loading his poem with themes. He touches on griefRead MoreAnalysis Of Facing It By Yusef Komunyakaa And Dulce Et Decorum Est847 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Facing it† by Yusef Komunyakaa and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Owen, are 2 great poems written in the perspective of soldiers who experienced disturbanc e of war. In â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† Owen talks about his experience in World War 1, taking the reader inside the actual event and giving them the insight on his feelings watching his fellow troops die. In â€Å"Facing it†, Komunyakaa also discusses his feeling towards his fellow troops who didn’t survive the attack but he also sheds light on hisRead MorePoetry Analysis On Facing It798 Words   |  4 PagesPoetry Analysis on â€Å"Facing It† Veterans are more susceptible to the memories of war, pain, suffering, and death. Memorials such as the Vietnam Memorial bring back many memories for veterans when they view these memorials. Those memories can attack the mind, and cause a veteran to feel vulnerable. Many veterans can only associate those memorials with the pain, suffering, and death that they had seen while at war. Yusef Komunyakaa expresses the pain that is felt within war veterans when they remember

Australia’s Foreign Relations to 1945 Free Essays

Introduction Australia’s presence and participation in global affairs have been commendable over decades now. Australia officially referred to as commonwealth of Australia is in the southern hemisphere. Australia comprises of the mainland of Australian continent, Tasmania Island and other smaller islands in the pacific and Indian oceans. We will write a custom essay sample on Australia’s Foreign Relations to 1945 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like other countries, Australia has undergone numerous milestones over the past centuries which have influenced its present developments. Australian foreign relations with other countries including the US, UK and other Asian countries are of great importance are. Having interacted with these countries at different times of history, Australia has been able to share common policies and interests with these nations. Firstly, the UK which colonized Australia since the 18th century had great influence on its current foreign policy. The trade relations between Australia and America as well as the joint participation in WW II influenced its foreign policy and relations. These interactions are also evident with other Asian countries like New Zealand, Japan and China which have shared common experiences in war as well as trade. This essay will discuss the importance of Britain, Asia, and the US in shaping Australian foreign policy since the 1788 settlement to WW II (1945). Australia has a rich and appealing foreign policy which makes it a trusted ally to many nations across the globe. The foreign policy of Australia includes various separated but inter-related policies in the fields of trade, security, defence, foreign aid and international commitments. Being a signatory to different treaties in the UN, Australia has been steadfast in attending to issues of global interest. In regards to trade and foreign aid, Australia is always in the forefront in fostering the spirit of globalisation. It is however notable that the foreign policies and relations of Australia are fast in upholding and promoting the interests of Australia. As far as security and defence is concerned, Australia is always vigilant in addressing any threat to national security. The development of the current and past foreign policies specifically between 1788 and 1945 was greatly influenced by the UK, US and Asia . The UK which was the first to arrive in Australia in the 18th century greatly influenced Australian foreign policy from settlement (1788) to the WW II. It is worth noting that Australia was a victim of tyranny of distance as well as a colony of Britain. Till 1942, Australia showed little or no independence in foreign policy. This is because it was under Britain influence. Despite that Australia was a dominion of Britain and that it had right to determine its foreign policy, it never showed independence. The issues of culture, military, economics and politics were greatly influenced by Britain. It is hereby notable that Britain had great importance in forging Australian foreign policy on the issues of politics, security, defence and economics. Since the settlement in 1788 to 1930s, Australia had no international embassies apart from London. The main concern for Australia was on trade and economics. Britain hereby played a key role in modelling Australian foreign policy on trade, culture and economics which helped in meeting the interests of the Australian citizens . US played a key role in building Australian foreign policy since 1788 to 1945. Based on the strong trade relations, Australian extended these relations from trade to security. The fears of Japan invasion in 1930s was a real problem to Australia. Despite this problem, Britain was unable to defend Australia thus seeking the support of US. Based on this phenomenon, it is evident that the fear of Japan invasion influenced Australian foreign policy between 1918 and 1945. Australia extended its trade ties with US to security and defence relations. This is one of the foreign policy of Australia whereby it sought to ensure strategic relations with other countries . The foreign policies adopted by Australia on security and defence before 1945 were influenced by the US. This can be attributed to the continued threat of Japanese threat and hostility to Australia. As a result of the open hostility between Australia and Japan during the Paris Pease Conference in 1919, Australia depended on US from defence. During this period, Australian defence planning borrowed from US. In the 1920s, Australian demonstrated an open stereotype and prejudice which was influenced by the US. There was a growing negative stereotype of Japanese by Australia is a potential threat to national security. In response to this scenario, Australia developed and implemented foreign policies which were aimed at enhancing its security and countering Japanese invasion. The foreign policy on security was also allied to the US as a potential strategic partner. The Japanese invasion in China in 1933 had a significant impact on Australian’s attention. In this regard, Australia moved fast to ensure it had strong ties with US, hence strengthening its defence. In light ith this phenomenon, it can be established that Australian foreign policy between 1918 and 1945 was influenced by US due to the threat of Japanese invasion hence prompting it to enter into strategic alliance with the US . The stay of British settlers in Australia since 1788 had great influence and importance to Australia’s foreign policy since 1788 to 1945. The models of Australia’s legal and political sys tems as well as policies on trade and security were influenced by Britain. The foreign policy on immigration adopted by Australia till 1945 was influenced by Britain. It is important noting that Britons dominated the culture, language and the entire make-up of Australian society. Due to the domination of Australia by Britain, its national identity was relatively indistinct from that of Britain. This made the two nations to share same philosophies and practices as far as foreign policy and relations were concerned. The immigration policies adopted by Australia favoured Irish and Britain. This manifests the strong influence of Britain to Australia’s foreign policies before 1945. The establishment of the Immigration Restriction Act was a major manifestation of Britain’s influence to Australian foreign policy. In this policy, Australia effectively banned Asia migration into the country for the next 50 years. There was also preceding legislations which prohibited the employment of contract labourers as well as the deportation of those already in the country. These developments had great influence on Australian foreign relations till 1945 . Asia has played a critical role in influencing the foreign policies of Australia from 1788 to 1945. The relationships between Australia and other Asian countries of; Malaysia, Singapore, New-Zealand, Japan, Indonesia, and China was of importance in modelling its foreign policy. The quest for peace and regional stability was a major issue which influenced Australia’s foreign policy. This can be evident in the 1944 agreement with New Zealand which dealt with welfare, security and advancement of people in the different independent territories. The need for peace and security for its people can be viewed as the major concern for Australia which influenced its foreign policy during this time. Alongside the security concerns, Australia was also focused on boosting its economic prospects. In order to ensure prosperity and sustainability in national development, Australia was keen to ensure regional cooperation with other Asian countries. This was aimed at enhancing the economic prospects of the country . The importance of US in the foreign policy of Australia is very evident through the continued cooperation between the two countries. In the periods before 1945, the US was regarded as Australia’s key ally in WW II. The entire foreign and defence policies of Australia directly depended on US support. He strong ties between US and Australia influenced its foreign policy on the Southeast Asia. Despite that at times Australia acted independently on foreign policies, it always pursued policies which impressed the US. It is important noting that Australia was ever submissive and subservient to US wishes. Nevertheless, at times Australia pursued different foreign policies which contradicted those of US as in the case of Malaya and West New Guinea. The fear of Australia from foreign invasion had a role in the dependency of Australia’s foreign policy on US . Conclusion It is apparent that the foreign policy and relations of Australia to 1945 was influenced by Asia, Britain and America. The interactions of these countries with Australia played a key role in shaping its foreign policy from 1788 to 1945. The key issues of concern were defence, security, trade, and migration. As observed in the discussion, the US was very influential on the foreign policies of Australia on defence and security. This was also the case of Asia which influenced Australian foreign policy on regional cooperation and security. These insights demonstrate the significance of Britain, Asia and US in modelling Australian foreign policy between 1788 and 1945. Bibliography Dunn, Michael. Australia and the Empire: From 1788 to the Present (Sydney: Fontana/Collins, 1984), 75-154. Esthus, Raymond. From Enmity to Alliance: US-Australian Relations, 1931-1941 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1964), 83- 132. Grey, Jeffrey. A Military History of Australia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 45-98. How to cite Australia’s Foreign Relations to 1945, Essay examples

Service marketing of Jetblue

Question: Analysis of the service elements of Jetblue? Answer: Introduction Many companies in the airline industry are providing continuous support and services to the community. Jetblue is one of those companies in USA who are providing good services to their many of satisfied customer throughout 61 countries in American continent. Their major focus area in providing their services to their customer was value for money. Jetblue emphasizes, to bring humanity back to air travel. Jetblue has incorporated many strategies, which attract to the all economic class of customer. Moreover, they also started a low-cost airline service, which was affordable to the low economy class of people. Jetblue was keen to provide the best customer services in their business, which awarded then many of top awards for their performance. In the year of 2006 Jetblue was listed as the second lowest rate of consumer complaints among all US airlines. This was one of the biggest achievements for Jetblue to develop their business and services in future. Blueprint: Analysis of the service elements of Jetblue If a business is growing and there is a possibility to be successful in near future one must examine the details whether or not the products or services will be necessary and attractive. In order to target all the elements at right time at the right people one must employ right type of service marketing mix. Jetblue was not the exception to apply this technique to provide best of services. Product or Service Jetblue was very much concern about the marketplace with its customer service, in flight features and productivity. They have purchased only single type of new plane and ensures that maintenance downtime is low and keeps the plane in the air. Jetblue was able to maintain highest average in-air in the industry. They introduced many stratigies to enhance their product. One of them is operational recovery tool which is a technology to reduce delays and minimize cancellations allows planners to do it in better ways. Jetblue treats its entire customer as equal and provide maximum comfort than other airline companies. Price Jetblue was in the airlines industry where generally people spend more for their travelling as compared to the conventional public transport. However, that does not mean that customers are not sensitive about the price. Here comes the strategy of Jetblue was low fare with high quality service that redefined Jetblue as a different kind of airline which customer will prefer over the competition. And Jetblue was very successful in their pricing strategy with quality service which transform many customer in their favorer. This successful implementation resulted in huge growth to the company. Place Place is one of the most important factor to make any kind of business. Where to sale the product or services direct the companys future sustainability in the industry. Jetblue very strategically choose their place of business. They decided not to compete between Boston-New York and Washington-New York, because higher economy class of people used to travel in this rout who are only sensitive to service quality not about the price and moreover competition was high among the industry. Therefore, they consider choosing the high demanded Caribbean market. This market was low in competition and economic class was not so superior. This kind of market was perfect for Jetblue to promote their low-cost, high quality service strategy. Promotion Jetblue is one of the companies who are very keen to gain satisfied and loyal group of flyers that will produce repeated business for them. Because initially attracting new customer was difficult as well as costlier. This was possible by their quality service and various innovative promotional activities. They use to publish front page advertisement in the leading news papers about their unique features, benefits and quality service. This was the first step of their promotion of their commitment and a responsibility to implement them. People To run the business in a service industry it was very important to choose the right people by whom the best of service can be provided. Their employee and services is the face value of the company that will feel a customer value for money. Therefore, recruitment and proper training of the employee was very important for Jetblue. Involving these employees to provide best of support was another important criterion for Jetblue. Process Process is one of the factor where a company in service industry majorly emphasis. For Jetblue it was all about to satisfy a flyer not only during the journey but also in other different issues of compliance. Jetblue use to return the fares to their customer if any flight is being cancelled by the companies end. If any kind of service delay is happened company use to subsidies that with a apology note from the higher management. Physical evidence Physical evidence is the implementations of those things which company commit to their customer during their promotional activity. Jetblue also has lot of commitment to their customer. Customers always evaluate the services according to the commitment while availing it. Jetblue was the first company to incorporate a personalized TV screen in the back of every seat at the same price, they provides the most legroom, unlimited branded snacks and soft drinks that too in very low cost. Effects of service scope to the customer Jetblue through their years of services gained lot of belief in their customers mind. They incorporated many features and strategies to create their scope of business. Many companies were providing flights to their customer. Therefore, it was not only about providing a flight anymore; it was about creating new customers with newer interest. Cognitive There is nothing very complex to creating business scope it is all about providing better support and services. Customers always evaluate the commitment to service ratio. By making a good market strategy Jetblue creates a good amount of business scope such as which market to capture to which economic class of people. Emotional Emotional attachments always come with whom you are doing your business. Jetblue was also emotional in those cases where customers get affected due to their fault. They use to refund money in those cases, Jetblue use to serve free unlimited snacks to their customer. They use many emotional quotations to touch the customers heart. This kind of services attaches customers emotionally; make them loyal towards the company. Physiological Jetblue was the first company in the industry to provide a personalized TV with 20 channels during journey, they provides to more legroom, over pack under pay, branded snacks and drinks along with newer technologies. These kind of services resulted in a comfortable and safer journey creating huge business scope in the highly competitive market. Problem areas There was a problem with the promotional strategies of the company. Jetblue management was very confused about their promotional activities. They use to advertise in newspapers. They have many ideas of marketing so their quotation was always different in various advertisements. This kind of approach could create confusion in the customers mind that what kind of service they wanted to offer. Another problem was the aggressiveness of the management. Customer sometime suffers a lot due to those decisions. This may create negative impact in the minds of customers. Suggested solutions Advertisement should happen in a continuous process so that customers do not get confused about what they are getting. There should be promotional activity, which depicts long term benefit to the company. Loyal customer was very important in this industry, which can be created by proper management decision and quality of the service.

Intellectual Development Of Children Essays - Child Development

Intellectual Development Of Children In two separate issues of "Time" magazine, the intellectual development of infants and preschoolers was analyzed with contrasting viewpoints regarding the development of their brains and the views regarding how best to encourage the cognitive abilities of these young children. In the earlier issue, dated February 3, 1997, the special report consisting of two articles titled "Fertile Minds" and "The Day-Care Dilemma" the theories of Jean Piaget's cognitive-development are supported. In the latter issue, dated October 19, 1998, the special report titled "How to Make a Better Student" focused on refuting the theories supported in the earlier issue of this magazine. Understanding the influence of Piaget's and other's views on intellectual development of young children on the contrasting views of this topic and how it reflects contemporary opinions on how young children should be raised is the focus of this paper. Hopefully, these contrasting articles will provide a more holistic understanding of Piagetian theory and its application to real-life situations. I. Children's Intellectual Development: Preoperations By the age of 3 and 4 years old, children have attained what Piaget called functions or "preoperations" that enable young children to perform a number of feats far beyond the capabilities of infants (Piaget, 1950). Infants concentrate on constructing a world of permanent objects. Once constructed, these objects will be known to exist even when they are no longer present to the infant's senses. Preschool children, in contrast, are constructing a world of qualities and properties that different objects share in common. They are beginning to identify and name colors, shapes, textures, density, and so on. At this stage, children are beginning to understand same and different as these terms refer to properties. At the same time, it is necessary to recognize that these classes are formed only on the basis of perceptual attributes such as color and form and not on the basis of any quantitative characteristics. Moreover, although children can name and identify members of different classes cow, dog, or car, they cannot as yet operate on these categories in a systematic way. That is to say they cannot logically add categories and recognize that cats, dogs, and cows are all animals. Nor can they logically multiply classes and appreciate that a cat is both a cat and an animal at the same time. In short, the one-many or quantitative dimension of classes escapes young children. Only when they have attained the concrete operations of childhood (age 6 to 7 years) will they begin to be able to coordinate sameness and difference and arrive at the notion of a unit that is basic to all quantitative thinking. A unit, for example the number 3, is at once like every other number in that it is a number but also different in that it is the only number that comes after 2 and before 4. Once children have a notion of a unit, they can engage in numerical as well as logical addition and multiplication (Gesell, 1949). The young child's limitation with respect to operating on classes is most evident when we ask them to define a word. Young children routinely define words by describing their functions; an apple is to eat; a bike is to ride. Only when they attain concrete operations at about the age of 6 or 7 years will they begin to define terms by nesting them in higher order classes, where an apple is a fruit, and a bike has wheels--you go places with it. Occasionally young children may define a word by placing it within a broader context, but this is often an anticipation of later intellectual achievement, not a true reflection of the young child's competence (Carey, 1989). In the "Fertile Minds" and "The Day-Care Dilemma" articles, neuroscientific evidence is used to comply with Piagetian theory of preoperational stages of development. The article describes in depth how the rapidly proliferating brain cells at birth make connections that shape a lifetime of experience. Thus, the author of this article points at that the first three to four years of development are critical and that "there is an urgent need . . . for preschool programs designed to boost the brain power of youngsters" (Nash, 1997, p.51) This argument is supported by hard, quantifiable evidence in the form of PET scans. Furthermore, the use of Piagetian tools to be incorporated in the education of toddlers in day-cares is stated to be a means that society can use to promote the intellectual development of young children who live in conditions that are a threat to their brain

Desensitization of Pakistani society Essay Example

Desensitization of Pakistani society Essay Example Desensitization of Pakistani society Essay Desensitization of Pakistani society Essay DESENSITIZATION: Increasing Insensitivity in our society Contents INTRODUCTION: 3 FEW EXAMPLES OF INSENSITIVITY IN OUR SOCIETY:6 SURVEY: DESENSITIZATIONIO SOLUTIONS: 18 CONCLUSION: 18 REFERENCES: 18 INTRODUCTION: What is Desensitization? It is the process in which continuous or increased exposure to violence makes an individual numb to its emotional effects. The violence seems normal and more of a daily life incident rather than a shock. It dulls the response to violence, making it an acceptable behavior. Major reasons for Desensitization in our Society: Increased Real Lite Violence nas resulted in our socie educing sensitivity to such incidents. Pakistan has been facing violence in terms of street crimes, murders, rapes, target killings, physical torture, bomb blasts, kidnappings and drone attacks. According to statistics, only in Karachi people are killed at the rate of 3. 6 since 2010 due to target killings. Other casualties due to different reasons are a lot more than this when measured. CPLC murder statistics for 2010 indicate there were a total of 1339 terrorist killings, i. . , murders associated with terrorist acts or groups. This number increased in 2011 to 1724 terrorist killings, which is an increase of 29 ercent; 2011 was recorded as Karachis second deadliest year in the past 20 years. According to recent study it was found that since the beginning of this year till November 17th, there have been 323 incidents of violence, killing 3088 people (civilians only). Media Violen ce is another reason that has made us well acquainted with grotesque images and videos of brutal incidents. One form of violence that Media Violence includes is the violence showed in the form of entertainment that is in dramas, movies, animated series is one category only. It presents violence in serious ways as well as in humorous ways. When talking about dramas or series and movies most of the time violence shown is serious kind of violence, consisting of shooting someone, kidnapping, murder, rape or blasts. However, cartoons and apart from that certain movies or series show violence in humorous ways like in Home alone, three stooges which incorporates the wrong idea of violence being something thats usual and the norm. Cartoons specially make our children get used to basic violence and its tools like guns and explosive materials. The other form of violence is the real life violence that is covered by media and aired to general public. When discussing about Pakistani society, breaking news and live coverage of bomb blasts, mob violence, nerve racking accidents is something we all are used to, to a level that has turned us insensitive to such incidents. Few channels have aired grotesque images without censor or any attempt to hide the content that is inappropriate. However, they do repeatedly state to not to see the news if the viewer is a child or a person with weak stamina to view such things; which is not an effective measure. ?Lawlessness is a key reason in the increasing real life violence in Pakistan and its being aired on Media. In several incidents the basic cause of such violence is the lack of enforcement of law in order to reduce crime like mugging, target killing, bomb blast and execution of punishment orders when the criminals are arrested by police or rangers. Mob Violence is the best example when lawlessness is discussed. Since our Law enforcement agencies fail to implement law and maintain order in society, our people have started taking law in their hands. Up till now there are numerous cases of mob violence in Pakistan where suspects are beaten and handed over to police or at times beaten to death. The frequency of mob violence incidents have increased in ast few years, mostly in Punjab. The incidents portray scaring ferocity. Be it long hours of load-shedding, a criminal caught red handed by the crowd, a traffic tragedy or someone suspected to have committed the act of blasphemy, furious mob increasingly take the law into their hands as if they are the sole accusers, Judges and executioners. This shows the failure of our law enforcement agencies that have been unsuccesstul in catching the criminals, prosecuting and executing them. Their tailed attempts have led people, to a great extent, to act as their own protectors, which has resulted in some very regretful incidents. Growing economic pressures in recent years as well as the states failure to provide security and a functioning Justice system to the people have aggravated these crises, spawned vigilante Justice and entrenched mob rule in our daily life, argues a political scientist wanting to remain anonymous, who works at a public sector university in Lahore. FEW EXAMPLES OF INSENSITIVITY IN OUR SOCIETY: BRUTAL MURDER OF TWO BROTHERS IN SIALKOT: On 15th May 2010, two brothers named Mughees aged 15 and Hafiz Muneeb aged 17 residents of Sialkot were brutally beaten to death. They were accused of snatching a ell phone and injuring the person while committing the crime. Few people suspected them of being the culprits and thus, were subjected to inhumane torture leading to death. The younger brother Mughees died when struck hardly by a rod however the elder one Muneeb was beaten brutally with rods, stones, sticks until he died. Both of them were beaten even after every drop of life was oozed out of them, soaking in blood. It is stated that the elder one begged to be shot dead for once and all for the crime he hadnt committed rather being beaten such inhumanely. The dead bodies were hanged above a water tank and were dragged as well. This incident shows not only the intolerance and horrible ferocity of the crowd but also extreme insensitivity of those who watched and filmed the act. There were about 10 to 15 people who were involved in their murder but more than 40 people as well as police officials to witness the act. The question arises why the crowd showed no reaction of stopping the violent fatal beating? Why they all viewed the act as if they were hypnotized or as robots completely empty of the humanly feelings and emotions? This mob violence shows that our society is an insensitive one; It has indeed been desensitized. The reason I account the incident for is lack of law which has simply eradicated the sense of humanity in us; which has led to us taking the law in hands since the police have failed to play their role. We have taken the responsibility to identify the criminals without any solid proof of their identity and punish them ourselves. Since, we have no proper system to do so, we end up committing acts that cannot be washed away, and they exist as brutal stains of the blood of innocent ones-the misidentified and killed. Such acts of mob violence and people beating the culprits have repeatedly taken place. However, the beaten ones were the true criminals yet such incidents slowly and gradually transfer the power from law enforcement agencies to local public which is a strong alarm for our police and Judiciary as it can lead to results creating a norm less society. In a re-enactment of the Sialkot lynching, two alleged robbers fall prey to mob Justice in Multan on March 26. One of them reportedly shot himself to avoid a painful death at the hands of the crowd. The other was pelted with stones until he died. The unfortunate aspect of these incidents is that police officials side with the mob, turning a blind eye to the rutal, instant punishments meted out to real or imagined criminals. Hence, again proven that we botn the locals and the police nave ourselves created this act ot executing people be it a culprit or an innocent. Another aspect of this is that our media kept showing the videos and the pictures of all these people being murdered, which shows that our media is also an insensitive entity who regardless of what affect their material has, airs the content. Not thinking of the family members of the victims who have to relive the torturous and agonizing moments of their loved ones eing beaten, burned and killed. THE LACK OF RESPONSE OF PEOPLEIN INCIDENTS LIKE LDA FIRE ACCIDENT AND STATE LIFE BUILDING FIRE INCIDENT: The state life building fire incident took place on November 28th 2012, where one Job seeker named Owais Baig who had gone for Job interview died. In order to save himself from fire, he tried to escape out of the window, clinging to it for about ten to fifteen minutes; however, he was not able to hold it for a long time, thus, fell from 8 story building, causing himself fatal injuries. The reason I believe this portrayed lack of sensitivity and response by the people is hat he hang from the window for about ten minutes minimum but during that time no one made any attempts to help him in any way. The video clearly shows that he fell in the area which is almost the first floor, a balcony type area, which was easily accessible and reachable if people would have rushed there to at least catch him or used any material to ensure his fall was not extremely injurious, Unfortunately, people were busy filming the scenario or Just observing the tragic scene. The news channels once again acted inhumanely- airing the video again and again. On May 9 013, fire broke out in LDA building leading to 5 people Jumping from the building as they made failed attempts to save themselves from the blazing fire or one of them who waited for more than four hours for him being rescued. Hence, embracing death. The news channels continuously aired the whole incident for hours. Repeating the video where people Jumped from the building. For them it was mere a coverage of the inferno at LDA but for those whose loved ones preferred death through falling from the height of 135 feet to the ground rather than being burned by fire, it was the worst thing. Our media without considering their feelings not only covered the whole accident live but also played the clips for the whole week. THE CASE OF SARFARAZ SHAH SHOT DEAD BY SINDH RANGERS: Sarfaraz shah was shot dead by rangers in Benazir Bhutto Park. He was suspected to have committed theft. He repeatedly negated the claim leading to rangers firing him twice near the thigh. An anonymous person recorded the whole thing in which on record Sarfaraz begged to be taken to the hospital yet he was not and hence bled to death. The point being that rangers officials who have been appointed to protect us are the ones firing at us. Sarfaraz was unarmed and he was only a suspect of snatching a cell phone without any strong evidence; he was shot Just because he used his right to defend against the blame. Our law enforcement agencies displayed lack of responsibility rather than acting as a sensible entity, acting wholly upon our laws. Furthermore, after being shot, he was not taken to the hospital; he was left to die in pain. Even though tor a second we do assume that ne did commit a crime and he was a threat to our rangers who were equipped with m-14 rifles, firstly 5 to 6 officials couldnt control him, secondly, even after being shot, reducing the potential anger he was depicting, anyone would have showing the least amount of humanity, taken him to the hospital. However, others around him probably seeing the insensitivity of the rangers didnt intervene. The person who recorded the whole incident vanished due to potential threat to his life. Another scenario, the incident of Sikander in Islamabad where the police and other officials refused to fire at him since he had kids and wife along with him, shows that our police and rangers completely lack the sense of how to react when, how to handle different situations. THE ATTITUDE OF SHAHROKH JATOI AFTER BEING CONVICTED FOR MURDERING SHAHZAIB: Even though our society raised its voice against the murder of Shazaib yet the attitude of Shahrukh Jatoi through the trials till his convictions have raised many questions regarding our law, our upper class members. It was evident that his calm composure throughout was there because he knew that his stature in society would ease him getting away from the murder he committed. His attitude showed those belonging to the same status as his that for them committing a heinous act is mere sport and law is nothing for them. He simply showed no sign of regret. When such embers of society exist and spread, society would definitely have the risk to turn into such insensitive members. THE MURDER OF HAMZA AHMED: Hamza Ahmed was shot dead by his school mates guard in defence, Karachi. I will not argue about what was the conflict, Shoaib is guilty or not but about how the guard without thinking who he was firing at, on whose order was he firing at and should he fire or not, shot Hamza 6 times. Hamza and Shoaib were both teenagers. Even if the guard was ordered to shoot if someone laid hands on Shoaib, being a human he should have assessed the situation rather than acting like a robot. Even if Hamza was being too aggressive, he was Just a kid, a slap or two would have been enough to settle him down rather than shooting him 6 times. Isnt that the height of insensitivity? Arent we turning into robots? Having a gun, protecting one, doesnt mean killing others. SURVEY: DESENSITIZATION I adapted a survey questionnaire once conducted on Canadian society, in our society. The respondents were of age 15 to 28, whereas consisted of 54% female and 46% ma e. Their level ot education consisted ot: O college 0 Baccalaureate 25% High school 0 Technical Institute 1% 0 Masters Degree 10% others They were asked the following questions and their responses were: How many hours of TV do you watch per day (on average)? 1 dont watch T. V15% 0 Between O and 1 30% 0 Between 1 and 242% 0 2 and over 13% How many times per week on average do you watch the news on TV? 1-2 37% 0 1 dont watch the news on TV 24% 0 5 and over 23% 3-417% How many times per week on average do you read the newspaper? the Newspaper 39% 0 1-239% 3-410% 0 5 and over 13% I dont read According to people about 38% rated the violence shown in newspapers 3 on the scale of 5. 15% rated 5. And about 61% rated the violence shown on TV news 5 on the cale of 5 and 30% rated 4. Another part of the survey asked the respondents about what they would do or expect an individual when facing a violent situation and their emotional reactions to them on a scale of 5: Faced with a Violent situation: Walking in public you see someone not far from you trip and fall to the ground. The typical individuals reaction would be to: 0 Look to make sure the person is okay 0 Stop to ask the person if he/she needs help getting back up 32% 0 Look away and keep walking, unbothered 17% 0 Laugh discretely 4% Situation 1 [What are your emotional reactions to the previous situations on a scale of 14% 0 3 32% 2. Walking in public you see an adult man not far from you being verbally assaulted to the point of humiliation in a discriminatory or racial manner. The publics reaction would be to: 0 Look and observe 66% 0 Stop to intervene 25% 0 Look away and keep walking, unbothered 7% 0 Laugh discretely at the man being humiliated 1% Situation 210% 518% 2 [What are your emotional reactions to the previous situations on a scale ot Walking in public you see a woman in front of you get robbed by a man. The typical individual will react by: Stopping to ask if the woman is okay 37% 0 Looking away and keep walking, unbothered 30% Looking at the womans expression and/or the robber getting away 24% Running after the robber 10% 0 Laughing discretely 0% Situation 3 [What are your emotional reactions to the previous situations on a scale of 110% 0 334% 0 437% 514% You [4. Walking around the city you notice smoke and fire coming out from a building. How would you and a typical person react? ] Look away and keep walking, unbothered 3% 0 Look from afar to see if there is anybody in the building 21% Call the fire department, the police or the ambulance 63% 0 Try and save the people inside 0 Stand to watch for some action 0% Typical individual [4. Walking around the city you notice smoke and fire coming out from a building. How would you and a typical person react? 0 Look away and keep walking, unbothered 10% 0 Look from afar to see if there is anybody in the building 17% 0 Call the fire department, the police or the ambulance 32% 0 Try and save the people inside 4% 0 Stand to watch for some action 37% Situation 4 [What are your emotional reactions to the previous situations on a scale of 111% 3 27% 5. Walking around you notice someone committing an act of vandalism, say the person is smashing a window tor tun. Do you? Look down on the person 23% Ignore his presence 1 Comment on what he/she is doing loud enough for him/her to hear 3 1% 0 Look at the person until he/she is done whatever he/she is doing Call the police 11% 0 Stop the person, verbally or physically 23% Situation 5 [What are your emotional reactions to the previous situations on a scale of 117% 211% EXPLANATION OF SURVEY OUTCOMES: When asked How many hours of TV do you watch per day (on average)? majority said 1-2 hours daily. When asked How many times per week on average do you watch the news on TV? majority said 1-2 times however 24% stated that they dont watch news whereas 23% stated that they watch news 5 or more times. Thus, showing that minimum 1-2 times and maximum 5 or more times news is watched. When asked How many times per week on average do you read the newspaper? 39% said they read newspaper 1-2 times and 13% more than 5 times. According to people about 38% rated the violence shown in newspapers 3 on the scale of 5. 15% rated 5. And about 61% rated the violence shown on TV news 5 on the scale of 5 and 30% rated 4. Thus, showing that TV news shows extreme violence; placing newspaper on the second in terms of displaying violence. Few of the 5 situations mentioned were linked with some of the past events if analyzed. In our society, street crimes such as mugging, theft, burning things, verbally assaulting someone has increased drastically. Situation 2 in which a man is being verbally assaulted to extreme in a discriminatory or racial manner about 66% said that they would look and observe rather than stopping the one assaulting. This shows that our society members, most of them, would prefer listening to the humiliation rather than sorting the matter. Its no surprise when today we see our society as least pluralistic. Situation 3 talked about an incident where someone is being robbed, about 37% said they would stop o ask if the person is okay after the theft is committed. 30% stated they would walk away, unbothered. This shows that we are unwilling to help our fellow citizens even if we can. I have personally known 2 to 3 victims out of which 2 died. In all incidents the victim took control of the robber/thief but since people didnt help them out, the thief managed to snoot the victim leading to death ot two and one being extremely injured. Situation 4 tried assessing peoples reaction whenever there is a fire. The state life building and LDA fire incidents are examples of lack of response by our society members leading to deaths. When asked what the respondent himself would do if he sees fire, 63% said they would call ambulance and fire department. Only 13% said that they would help physically in such an urgent situation where every moment counts. However, when asked what a second person would do? , majority said that they will watch for some action rather than helping those stuck in inferno. Hence, accepting that the society has become in-sensitive. People indeed showed the typical behavior as anticipated in this survey of observing and waiting for some action in the fire incidents at LDA and State Life fire. In Pakistan, acts of vandalism are very ommon, especially in strikes and in random scenarios as well. The last situation explored that. 31% stated they would comment on what the person is doing however, in real life, in our society, we dont see that. 23% stated they would look at the person until he is done with what he is doing and the same percent said they would stop him verbally or physically or Just look down upon him. I believe what all we do is look at the person terrified and walk away as soon we can and then comment about his action at home. The purpose of the survey was also to see how media violence affects our response to real life violence. I do believe that they do affect us. Since, what and how media covers the violence-real life violence is not only making us habituated to it but also instilling a sense of saving ourselves first no matter how badly the other person needs our help, as in even if we see someone being robbed we prefer running away rather than helping that person. Whenever we see a person or a group of people suffering we take it as this is something that takes place now and then and hence, cannot be helped or anything cant be done. I think its learned helplessness. The idea that we are helpless, no matter what. Even if there is a way out, since, we have been seeing violence and its worst outcomes, we have fed it into our minds that we by ourselves cannot do anything. There is extreme negativity and helplessness prevailing in our society which is making us insensitive as well as increasing the risk of growing chaos and anomie. When we see law enforcing agencies breaking the laws, or committing acts (like the murder of 5 Chechens by FC officials in Quetta and other incidents mentioned in this report) or not doing their duties properly, our society members become more helpless a group of people who se it in their favor by committing crimes whereas the rest becoming victims of them helplessly, since, they know that there is no way out apparently. As a result, violence exceeds and the response to it decreases. SOLUTIONS: I believe media should act sensibly when it comes to reporting incidents. As the most potential medium they should act responsibly considering all the effects they have on the members of the society. A Journalist wrote an article confessing that crime reporters or even the general ones are asked to exaggerate details and it no a then to write in a very explicit manner for example quoting casualties not simply as dead bodies but parts/bits and pieces of dead bodies; Point being creating a very grotesque image. Secondly, those who are responsible for reducing violence of all sorts- the law enforcement agencies should beyond all make sure they play their part to their best and not misuse the authority given to them. Using their common sense, analyzing the situation and acting accordingly is must. We cannot allow the robotic behavior to progress be it the police, military or rangers. We as a society, most importantly the youth and the intellectuals should take the lead in reducing such insensitivity. When we are the ones to point out the issue, then we should take the responsibility to eradicate it as well. CONCLUSION: Pakistan needs to be freed from issues like intolerance, desensitization and lack of patriotism- these are the basic issues that have given birth to many more issues that is burning our country. If only for once and all we could see the big picture and work to eradicate the problems sincerely, Pakistan could be a heaven. REFERENCES: starwelfare. org/post/264/Pakistan:ln-a-maJority-of-incidents-of-mob- violence. html ?https://www. osac. goWpages/ContentReportDetails. aspx? cid=13761

National Electronic Healthcare Record Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

National Electronic Healthcare Record - Essay Example To Blobel (2002), in order to maintain an efficient and high-quality care of patients, the status and processes related to patient’s health, either directly and indirectly, must be provided and managed. Such information, he says, would include medical observation, ward procedures, laboratory results, medical controlling, account management and billing, materials and pharmacy, and the like. As explained by Blobel (2002), inter-organizational virtual electronic healthcare records, in fact, can be built when health information systems within establishments converge to electronic patient record systems. EHRs require that much, he says, but they enable healthcare establishments to build a basis for any communication and cooperation within and between themselves (Ibid). Lander and Daniel (n.d.).defines a virtual electronic health record (EHR) as a collection of individual records that reside in a variety of information systems and locations and on multiple types of media. It contains information from many health-related encounters and will collectively reflect the current health status and lifetime medical history of an individual. There are many benefits that most healthcare professionals agree would ensue if the industry could finally implement a universal EHR. (Smith & Newell, n.d.). A lot of clinical and administrative benefits would be recognized then. As discussed by Smith & Newell (n.d.), there would be immediate and universal access to the patient record, easier and quicker navigation through records, no lost charts, and clinical data that is formatted to be easy to read and analyze. Further, there would be reduction of paperwork, documentation errors, and filing activities. Considered would be coding efficiency and efficacy, alerts for medication errors, drug interactions, and patient allergies, including the ability to electronically transmit information to other providers. As to progress, EHR models are said to be still struggling towards

Rulfos Narrative Techniques & Characterizations of Humanity in El Essay

Rulfos Narrative Techniques & Characterizations of Humanity in El Llano de Llamas - Essay Example Rulfo attained most of his acclaim through his 1955 publication of Pedro Pramo. Yet many literary critics have thought that the genius of Rulfo's works are within his short stories, where "the elaboration of a single event of the introspection of a single character allows him to illuminate the meaning, often the utter despair, of a man's life" (Schade, p.ix). Rulfo utilizes secondary characters, often family members, to cause reactions from the protagonists. By this, we access the protagonists' humanity. In 'Macario,' character is accessed through use of time and place: the story and its events are chaotic. Macario is an individual, but impossible to understand for his complexity. His ideas and perceptions are contrasted with their opposites, all two thousand words of this piece's prose run in one single paragraph. It's difficult for the reader to orientate themselves within the text. More importantly, it is impossible to distinguish Macario's perception of the outside world, the frogs, the toads, Grandmother, Felipa, food, starvation, etc. There is no second character's point of view given within 'Macario' to counter the ideas or impressions stated. There's no one else's dialogue. Readers must take the information and the character as he is and interpret Macario's life, time and place as he gives it. I believe this is the basis for Gyurko (1972) to state that "Character is stripped external appearance and splintered into existential shards; plot is inconsequential or nonexistent; action decelerates into stasis. Narrative continuity is fragmented into bits of dialogue and truncated memory" (p.451). Macario's inner dialogue is difficult to follow. The sequences of his thoughts have a semblance of sequence or order, but in final interpretation, they are weird. Rulfo uses this stylistically. Macario's first sequence of inner dialogue opens the first paragraph of the first page of the first short story in 'El llano de llamas.' While Macario is musing over the frogs that he is waiting for, the readers are introduced to the idea of an individual's complexity and peculiarity: Las ranas son verdes de todo a todo, menos en la panza. Los sapos son negros. Tambin los ojos de mi madrina son negros. Las ranas son buenas para hacer de comer con ellas. Los sapos no se comen; pero yo me los he comido tambin, aunque no se coman, y saben igual que las ranas. Felipa es la que dice que es malo comer sapos. Felipa tiene los ojos verdes como los ojos de los gatos. Rulfo paints a portrait of a disjointed mind, incomprehensible to others. 'Macario' is then used as an overlay to the short stories that follow. The subsequent short stories have to do with tension between people, and often both viewpoints are easily perceptible, unlike Macario's inner ranting. Rulfo uses secondary characters as a tool to give readers feedback on the protagonists. Rulfo's protagonists are often extraordinary and peculiar individuals struggling to survive in un-ordinary and harsh circumstances, like Natalia in 'Talpa' and Ignacio in 'No oyes ladrar a los perros.' Such characters might be difficult for the reader to relate to or comprehend. For this, Rulfo utilizes secondary characters, usually family, like Natalia's mother and Ignacio's father, to build humanity and provide an

Impact of Recession on Movie Industry

Impact of Recession on Movie Industry Foreword Writing this dissertation was a long and exhausting process which included many setbacks and failures. Nevertheless it also was fulfilling and exciting as I was driven by my passion and interest in movies and cinemas in general. I always intended to work for the movie industry one day and hold well- grounded hopes of achieving this goal in the near future. Maybe this dissertation will help to convince the studios of my passion and capabilities. My thanks go to Mr Nick Bowen, who was an outstanding tutor and helped me through rough and inconvenient times with his competence and great sense of humour. I also would like to thank me interviewees Mr Arwed Fischer and Mr Jan Fantl, who provided me with many important information and an inside into the industry. Without them, a big part of the report would not have reached the standard it has now. Finally, I am very grateful for the help of my parents who made it possible for me to go to London and provided me with everything I needed in order to be successful and happy in the future. I do not want to forget to thank everybody else who supported me during this tough time and cheered me up after one of the occasional setbacks. Executive Summary Recently the film studios are experiencing a boost of attendances and ticket sales despite the financial crisis. This already happened in past recessions and therefore will be analysed in this report. One reason for that economical immunity seems to be the technological development such as sound and colour in the past or 3D cinema nowadays. Nevertheless there are some issues the industry has to deal with at the moment, e.g. piracy or substitution goods like videogames. Although 3D movies did fail continuously in the past in terms of economical success, the studios tried it again with an advanced technology and exceeded all expectations when Avatar was released. In this context factors such as rising ticket prices or the limited number of 3D capable cinemas play a big role as well in order to determine the future potential the 3D technology. A few companies already started to produce and sell 3D capable TVs which are supposed to the next economical success the movie landscape. IMAX cinemas suffered a long period of very low attendances and decreasing ticket sales until advanced 3D technology has been used to produce movies. Since then the IMAX group notes record breaking attendances and boosting profits. Two surveys have been analyzed and compared to each other. One, published in 2005 by Opinion Dynamics Corporation alre ady showed some curious facts on 3D cinema and its likely success in the future. The second one has been generated online by the author of this report in 2010 amongst a group of people from 10 countries. In terms of forecasting a success of 3D movies it is very hard for the studios to forecast the success of a single movie or even a whole new technology. They mostly try to find what is most appealing to the audience (unlike independent productions) and therefore have their analysts forecasting risks and returns. Nevertheless DisplaySearch 3D Display Technology conducted a forecast which is quite optimistic and expects increases in every sector of the movie industry (cinemas, home cinemas etc). The recommendations include the authors personal opinion of how the 3D technology will influence the cinema landscape and the options studios have to market it properly. By interviewing people from the movie industry the author gathered some inside knowledge which he tried to apply to his recommendations. Therefore it is expected that the boom of 3D movies will slow down slightly but continue to strengthen again. In the long term it is expected that the new technology will have a positive impac t on the movie industry. 1. Introduction According to Dreamworks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg, the upcoming 3D movie technology is the greatest innovation to occur in the movie business in 70 years. (CNN Online, 2008) This statement shows the hope of the whole industry for more attendances and a revolution in the movie market. An increasing amount of movie studios shift their productions towards the new technology. As a result this is discussed in a rising number of TV-shows, magazines and newspapers. Despite the fact that videogames are becoming more popular and the financial credit crisis has reduced average income, going to the movies still seems to be a big part of daily life all over the world. This happens even though the whole film industry seems to be in a crisis, as will be explained below. Initially 3D movies were produced using 2 separate projectors to produce one double image and running two separate rolls of film. Nowadays the technology is far more advanced which means that digital projectors are installed in cinemas producing sharper and steadier images. There also is a difference in production between real movies and animated ones. Animated movies are not produced with real cameras but use computers to create and render every single shot from two angles. Live action movies on the other hand are filmed by new dual lens digital cameras that are able to capture two points of view. (BBC news, 2009) Movie attendances in the United States decreased by 2, 6 %, falling to its lowest level since 1997, whereas revenues fell from $1,484 billion in 2004 to $1,364 billion in 2008. In the same period the amount of screens jumped from 35,993 to 39,476. To be able to show 3D movies, it is necessary to upgrade to digital screens; here the number increased from only 138 in 2004 to 4,576 in 2008, a rising trend. (Marche du film, 2009) Linking these data leads to the conclusion that the movie industry is keen to establish and invest in a new technology in order to make going to the cinema more attractive to its customers and increase attendances in the short and long-term. The following report analyses the current status of the movie industry and shows the likely economic impact in times of recession on the worldwide market. The industries main current issues and a forecast based on trends and profound market research are also examined. 2. Literature Review This chapter summarises and evaluates the related research of what has been written about the research topic. Opinions and data from many different people, working for the movie industry or being close enough to venture a forecast, have been taken into account and evaluated objectively. The chapter also defines and explains the new 3D movie technology, its history and its characteristics from different perspectives. Furthermore it covers several models and theories and talks about reports and how to estimate their importance. This is followed by an evaluation to point out weaknesses or gaps in the literature. The final part will consist of a link to the initial research question and what the plan for proceeding is. Overall, there are 3 main questions to be covered in this chapter: 1. How did big studios fight back in past recessions? 2. How have technical developments influenced business in the past in different markets? 3. What are current issues in the industry? It also is evident that due to the newness of the topic chosen, there are certain constraints in terms of what kind of literature is currently available. Therefore the main sources cited are websites as well as primary research. 2.1 Comebacks of the Studios in Past Recessions After the first big Wall Street Crash in 1929, admissions rose by 58% compared to the previous year. (Entertainment times online, 2008) According to John Fithian, president of the National Association of Theatre Owners in America, this means that â€Å"In the past four decades there have been seven recession years in this country, and the box office has climbed strongly in five of those years,† (Entertainment times online, 2008) According to the Academy of Management Journal (1996), between 1936 -1950 property based resources such as long-term contracts with stars and theatres helped financial performance to stabilize. Contrary to the period of 1951-65, when knowledge- based resources such as coordination and production talent and budgets increased financial performance. (Academy of Management Journal, 1996, pp. 519-543) Asking some of the most important and powerful people in the U.S. and UK movie industry shows that the majority believes that the current recession either is an opportunity or even a reason for rising sales. But what is the reason for that surprising success in economic downturns? Besides new technologies, which unfortunately are not always released at the right time, the studios decide to publish more comedies and action movies, to help the audience to escape from their monetary problems. In the USA, three of the top-five movies in terms of gross profit of 2009 are comedies: Mall Cop, Hes Just Not That into You and Bride Wars. (CNN movies, 2009) This permits us to draw the conclusion that a recession does not necessarily lead to a break-down of sales in the movie industry. But did past recessions really have no impact or even a positive impact on the movie industry? Not everyone agrees with the theory of increasing sales in recessions though. Gerald Peary, a documentary filmmaker and critic in Boston, Massachusetts, believes that the market will be flooded with intellectually less challenging movies since they are the ones that are more likely to succeed on the audience with smaller budget. In his opinion The dumber the movie is, sometimes, the more money it makes, which states that Those movies are somehow both critic proof and depression proof. (CNN movies, 2009) Another point of view is represented by Basinger, the film historian who assumes that it is still too soon to predict any trends concerning the recession and movies. She points out that recessions leads to faster changes in the movie scene. Also for her, going to the movies is not highly affected by the crisis, as it still is [] the cheapest and fullest way to abandon your troubles and lose yourself in a story. (CNN movies, 2009) Even in some of the worst recessions, economy ever has experienced, the movie industry mostly has been of the few sectors that was able to maintain its position in the market or even increase admissions. This is due to peoples not changing consumer behaviour. Even though they got affected by economic downturns, most of them still wanted to escape from their misery for a few hours. It also is an opportunity for independent film makers to realize low-budget productions, as movie studios get more cost- conscious when their stocks fall during a crisis. Henceforth studios prefer to invest little money in innovative productions and directors hoping for a reasonable return of investment. 2.2 Technological influence on Business in the past Around 120 years ago, films were little more than drawings that seemed to come alive with motion. Then, in 1877 Emile Reynaud had patented a machine, the ‘Praxinoscope, which projected seemingly moving paintings onto a screen. An upgrade of his invention, the Projection Praxinoscope, which was a large-scale Praxinoscope, got patented in 1888 and was used for public projection. Reynaud started to screen his films, accompanied by music on a regular base. Yet that early atmosphere and technology were very similar to today screenings. (Kinogeschichte, 2009) Using spools to feed and take-up the extended picture band, sequences were no longer limited to short cyclic movements. This was the first and important step for commercial use which has been so essential for successful cinematography. (Exeter, 2000) Nevertheless, there were still many issues concerning films, amongst other things the length of them or the lack of sound. To compensate this problem, it was tried to create a more realistic, narrative and psychological atmosphere using on-screen text and a pianist accompanying the film. Back in 1927, after the introduction of movies with full sound, cinema attendances jumped up from 57 million to 90 million in 1930 (Shmoop statistics, 2009) and made them even more popular. This demonstrates that introducing a revolutionary technology can lead to soaring attendances and higher box office sales for the studios. Also the lack of colour on screen was tried to be compensated to improve the movie experience. One of the first ideas was to tint the film reels but later prising companies such as ‘Technicolor and ‘Eastmancolor, made it possible to use new ways of colouring and achieved the objective of a deeper and more intense atmosphere. (Inventors library) Nowadays black/white movies disappeared almost completely from the world of movies. Although, the success of films like ‘Schindlers List (Steven Spielberg, 1993) and ‘Clerks (Kevin Smith, 1994) shows that it is still possible to achieve commercial and critical success with monochrome. (David Parkinson 1995, pg 112) After releasing the first full-colour, La Cucaracha (1934), coloured movies became more and more popular. In the late 1930s, the films,Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937, Disney), were a huge success. Last one still is considered a milestone as it was thefirstfeature-length animated film. (Filmsite, 2007) Introducing new, revolutionary technologies and giving them the chance to go to maturity stage of the product lifecycle always has been very profitable for movie studios. Be it the implementation of sound or the introduction of colour, people loved to spend their money on being amused in cinemas. 2.3. Current issues in the industry There are more problems and issues the movie industry has to deal with besides the current substantial crisis and recessions. These will be examined in the following sections. 2.3.1 Videogames as substitution goods Amongst many threats for the movie industry such as the highly developed internet, DVDs and an increasing amount of home activities, one of the main problems for the movie theatres and studios is the rising and durable success of videogames. First released in the 1980s, videogames have been designed for a significantly smaller target audience. This was attributed to the fact computers were still in the early stage of their product life cycle and thus the presence of computers in the average household was a much less common occurrence. The commercial use of computers was much more prominent during this period, than their household residential usage. Even with the introduction of platforms such as the SNES (Super Nintendo Entertainment System) in the 1990s, the Videogame industry was still viewed as a niche market. It was never anticipated to develop into a competitor of the movie industry as it is nowadays. Currently, the profit generated from videogames equates to that of their movie counterparts. Current trends indicate that consumers have a tendency to spend more on buying videogames as opposed to going to the movies which has been identified as a huge threat for the studios. Just recently, in the beginning of November 2009, Activision Blizzard Incs released Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 and anticipated more than $660 million in sales from 11-13 million sold units by the end of 2009. Also previous games were big hits in terms of sales as the table below shows. Top video games sales on their first day ( Reuters, 2009) Figure 1 These data can be compared to Top Hollywood worldwide opening weekends: ( Reuters, 2009) Figure 2 As aforementioned and illustrated by the tables (Figure 1 Figure 2) above, it is evident that data solidifies the trend that an increasing number of consumers are changing their consumer behaviour and purchasing videogames which they may enjoy at home. Another possibility for the rising success of videogames could be the fact of potential consumers rather staying home than spending money on transport for getting there and quite expensive snacks and drinks in the cinema. This data backs up the trend that more and more consumers tend to shift from going to the movies to buying videogames which they can enjoy at home. Even if they are more expensive (around $50/ unit depending on the platform) the duration of playing them is far higher than only two hours. This makes them a substitution good with which the studios have to deal with now and most likely even more in the future. On the other hand this also creates new opportunities for the movie and the game industry to work together and create profits by co-operating. This is already working in terms of converting movies to videogames but also the other way around. 2.3.2 Piracy Another very recent issue and problem for the movie industry is the rapid spread of illegal movie copies, also known as pirate copy. In 2007, downloads of movies rose by 50 % in Germany, mostly saved as digital copies. ( Welt online, 2009) According to The Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI), the cost of motion picture piracy is significant high and an essential threat to the studios and the whole industry. The loss for the movie industry was $6, 1 billion in 2006. Taking all industries into account that are related to the movies that number would add up to $20.5 billion annually. This means that not only the studios and related companies lose money. It also means that people are losing jobs. Piracy being absent, 141,030 new jobs would have been added to the U.S. economy in 2006 (IPI, 2006) Henceforth the studios are in an on-going war with the movie pirates trying to reduce losses. The enormous impact on U.S. and worldwide economy forced the industry to consider distinct strategie s to decrease or even stop piracy. Besides Ads, showing movie pirates chased by police and going to prison as for every other federal crime, the industry also adopted a hard line by suing them for compensation. This found its peak in sending four men to prison for one year and ordering them to pay $3.6 million of compensation to major film companies such as Warner Brothers, Columbia, Twentieth Century Fox, Sony BMG and EMI. (CNN Piracy, 2009) They operated a Swedish movie pirate website which has been judged of being illegal. In total, piracy and the recession have reduced DVD sales in the UK by around 10 % and in the US by even 13 %. The problem for the studios is that DVD sales are responsible for half a titles long-term profits and more than double the revenue than from tickets sold. (Independent Online 3D Revolution, 2010) Hence Hollywood always tries to find new ways of protecting their movies and anticipate copyright theft. Consequently they always need new technologies which cannot be hacked but according to Arwed Fischer (Fischer, 2010), it is almost impossible to find the perfect safety. Hackers are able to break any copy protection within days or hours. In fact, this made him quit the job as resources seem to be wasted on nothing. Critics on the other hand state that the way of how to calculate losses for the movie industry is neither transparent nor comprehensible. The studios claim that each single pirate copy is the same as one loss of attendance. This is one of the reasons why mentioned losses are extraordinary high. People that just downloaded the movie and never considered going to the cinema or buying it on DVD are not included in these statistics which makes them quite subjective. On the other hand, the new 3D technology makes studios feel quite safe at the moment as it yet is impossible to pirate 3D featured movies. Hence people who want to experience this new way of cinema must go to the m ovies and pay for their tickets. James Cameron also is aware of this unique selling point when he says: You can pirate a 3D movie but you cant pirate it in 3D, so you cant bottle that 3D experience. (New Yorker Online, 2009) Although this is a justifiable and legitimate objection, piracy remains one of the industries biggest problems. Even if not each ‘pirate can be considered a loss of attendance and ticket sales, it remains an act of stealing. The studios spend millions of Dollars to produce profitable movies which are linked to many jobs. That should not be undermined by downloading movies instead of going to see them in the cinemas and pay the entrance fee. 3. Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction This chapter explains the approaches used to facilitate a precise and specific answer to the initial research question. In order to gather relevant and accurate information both, quantitative and qualitative data will be used. However the authors focus will be on qualitative data collection. The potential bias of primary is quite low due to a wide range of interview partners, all from different sides. Secondary data has been gathered under same criteria in order to minimise the risk of potential bias. Where, if possible, the author tried to look for alternative explanations and to show that he was aware of any potential bias. 3.2 Justification of Research Perspective Every research requires distinct methods recommended for structuring research programs. In this dissertation, it has been chosen to base all outcomes and results on actual data or professional forecasts like interviews, surveys and questionnaires. Copies of them can be found in the appendix. A high level of discipline was necessary and essential at the beginning of the research. Even though it got disappointing at some points, as the researcher took a wrong path, objectives from books by Mark Saunders (2009) helped the author to keep focused and motivated. According to Saunders * â€Å"Data are collected systematically * Data are interpreted systematically * There is a clear purpose; to find things out† (Saunders et al, 2009) 3.3 Primary Data Collection The author attempted to use all the important primary data collection methods such as interviews, networking and surveys in order to analyse the data objectively. This leads towards an accurate answer to the initial research question. Interviews with people from the movie industry such as former employees of copyright companies and cinema owners have given a deep insight into the topic. Interviewees are: * Arwed Fischer, former employee of X-Protect GmbH in Munich * Representative of the Kinopolis group, one of the biggest German cinema chains, who wants to stay anonymous. * Jan Fantl, producer, production manager and former director Several approaches for the interview structure have been considered and led to the following conclusion: Although unstructured interviews have the advantage of complete freedom in terms of content and structure ( Kumar R, 2005), the author of this report decided to mostly use structured or hybrid interviews for his research purposes. This represents a spot in-between the unstructured and structured interviews in Figure 3. That was given due to the fact that face-to face interview were not possible for a number of reasons such as travelling cost or lack of time of the interviewees. Nevertheless personal interviews would have given the author some advantages such as observing his interviewee as well as listening to him or the chance to gather the data more efficiently. (Hollwitz, J. Wilson, C.E. 41-52) Therefore it has been decided to make use of telephone interviews, which are far less costly than personal ones, and mail questionnaires which require accurate question design to match reading comprehension of the interviewees. (Using Structured Interviewing Techniques, 1991) Especially mail interviews have been proofed to be quite efficient because interviewees took their time to think about the questions before answering them. An online survey has been generated and distributed by the author of this report. 47 people aged 22- 50 and from 10 countries filled out this online survey which has been piloted before with 5 people in order to make it more precise and accurate for a wider audience. It was created on the 07.April 2010 and has been closed on the 07.May 2010 .To generate it the online platform www.surveymonkey.com has been used. The complete survey can be found in the appendix of this report. Due to easier access given times and resources it was not possible to have interviews in other countries like the USA or India. At a later point in this report it has been compared to another survey taken by Opinion Dynamics Corporation in 2005 before the 3D technology boomed yet. This will show the process and change of customers opinion on 3D movies. Also a questionnaire has been conducted by the author. It has been sent via to several people of the movie industry. The response rate was rather poor as asked peo ple seemed to be busy. Standard questions have been used in order to facilitate the collection of data and due to limitations in terms of time and resources. The questionnaire can be found in the appendices in section 8.1 As aforementioned, the potential bias has been considered in the evaluation process. Another option to be deemed is the use of a supervisor or mentor. He made sure that collected data was rather objective than subjective and could provide the author with constructive criticism. 3.4 Secondary Data Collection Thanks to a wider range of secondary data available, the author collected a lot of relevant information on the topic. He did this through a critical evaluation of literature, not only from the USA but also from Europe to accomplish a fair and accurate picture of the industry and its potential in the future. Parts of the research were also based on past and current trends and forecasts that justify arguments and recommendations. In order to sufficiently cut down the total amount of data, the author interpreted data sourced mainly from smaller subgroups rather than â€Å"all possible groups† (Saunders et al 2009, p 150 152)This method saves the author valuable time and also makes research and evaluation of data more efficient by using a smaller pool of information. As every other method, this one also has disadvantages, such as gathering the wrong kind of data or using irrelevant data which cannot answer the initial research question accurately. Also some academic literature such as the The Academy of Management Journal has been used to provide a different angle of the research question. A SWOT analysis on the current situation of the 3D Technology and outline possible threats and opportunities for the whole movie industry has been carried out. As a planning tool a SWOT analysis has many benefits like the simplicity of taking one. Nevertheless this can lead to problems like underestimating the value of a SWOT analysis or to an imprecise and weakly conducted analysis. (Ferrel Hardline, 2007, p. 119-120) More benefits can be seen in Figure 4: (Ferrel Hardline, 2007) Figure 4 3.5 Conclusion of Methodology Using all the aforementioned methods and approaches, the author attempted to find an accurate answer to the research question. Giving the reader a deep insight into the topic and a widespread view of the 3D Technology opportunities and risks has lead to a complete understanding of the subject. All data has been analyzed and evaluated neutrally so a conclusion has been objectively drawn. 4. Findings and Analysis This chapter starts with an explanation of the technical side of 3D technology used today followed by an overview of the history of 3D movies and a SWOT analysis. After that, the role of 3D movies in general and in combination with IMAX cinemas as well as the importance of Avatar will be discussed. The chapter will concluded with the comparison of two surveys (for further information please see research methodology) and a forecast. 4.1. How does 3D technology exactly work? First of all, the binocular vision system is based on the fact that the eyes of a human being are spaced 5 cm apart. Consequently each eye sees the picture from a different angle. At the same time the binocular vision system in a brain is using the difference to calculate the distance. The brain also has the ability to show a relationship between those images even though they are slightly different. The brain can choose objects in the two scenes and work out how far an object is between those images. (How Stuff works 3D glasses, 2010) The reason for wearing 3d glasses is to provide different images into your eyes. The movie screen in fact shows two different images and the glasses cause one of the images to go into one eye and the other one to enter the second eye. There are two widespread systems of doing it * Polarization: The majority of the big studios such as Disney or Universal the first choice are polarized lenses for the glasses because they allow colour viewing. Two synchronized projectors project two individual views onto the screen, each with a diverse polarization. The glasses only let one of the images to enter each eye because they hold lenses that are polarized as well. This is comparable with the polarization of sunglasses. (Filmindustry, 2009) * Red/Green or Red/ Blue. Since polarization cannot be used on a traditional TV screen (unlike on upcoming 3D TVs which will be dealt with later on in section 4.7) the red/green system is used. Again 2 images are displayed on the screen, one in red and one in blue/green. The filters of the glasses only allow one picture to enter each eye. The brain has to correlate those pictures as aforementioned. It is not really possible to use a nor