Desensitization of Pakistani society Essay Example

Desensitization of Pakistani society Essay Example Desensitization of Pakistani society Essay Desensitization of Pakistani society Essay DESENSITIZATION: Increasing Insensitivity in our society Contents INTRODUCTION: 3 FEW EXAMPLES OF INSENSITIVITY IN OUR SOCIETY:6 SURVEY: DESENSITIZATIONIO SOLUTIONS: 18 CONCLUSION: 18 REFERENCES: 18 INTRODUCTION: What is Desensitization? It is the process in which continuous or increased exposure to violence makes an individual numb to its emotional effects. The violence seems normal and more of a daily life incident rather than a shock. It dulls the response to violence, making it an acceptable behavior. Major reasons for Desensitization in our Society: Increased Real Lite Violence nas resulted in our socie educing sensitivity to such incidents. Pakistan has been facing violence in terms of street crimes, murders, rapes, target killings, physical torture, bomb blasts, kidnappings and drone attacks. According to statistics, only in Karachi people are killed at the rate of 3. 6 since 2010 due to target killings. Other casualties due to different reasons are a lot more than this when measured. CPLC murder statistics for 2010 indicate there were a total of 1339 terrorist killings, i. . , murders associated with terrorist acts or groups. This number increased in 2011 to 1724 terrorist killings, which is an increase of 29 ercent; 2011 was recorded as Karachis second deadliest year in the past 20 years. According to recent study it was found that since the beginning of this year till November 17th, there have been 323 incidents of violence, killing 3088 people (civilians only). Media Violen ce is another reason that has made us well acquainted with grotesque images and videos of brutal incidents. One form of violence that Media Violence includes is the violence showed in the form of entertainment that is in dramas, movies, animated series is one category only. It presents violence in serious ways as well as in humorous ways. When talking about dramas or series and movies most of the time violence shown is serious kind of violence, consisting of shooting someone, kidnapping, murder, rape or blasts. However, cartoons and apart from that certain movies or series show violence in humorous ways like in Home alone, three stooges which incorporates the wrong idea of violence being something thats usual and the norm. Cartoons specially make our children get used to basic violence and its tools like guns and explosive materials. The other form of violence is the real life violence that is covered by media and aired to general public. When discussing about Pakistani society, breaking news and live coverage of bomb blasts, mob violence, nerve racking accidents is something we all are used to, to a level that has turned us insensitive to such incidents. Few channels have aired grotesque images without censor or any attempt to hide the content that is inappropriate. However, they do repeatedly state to not to see the news if the viewer is a child or a person with weak stamina to view such things; which is not an effective measure. ?Lawlessness is a key reason in the increasing real life violence in Pakistan and its being aired on Media. In several incidents the basic cause of such violence is the lack of enforcement of law in order to reduce crime like mugging, target killing, bomb blast and execution of punishment orders when the criminals are arrested by police or rangers. Mob Violence is the best example when lawlessness is discussed. Since our Law enforcement agencies fail to implement law and maintain order in society, our people have started taking law in their hands. Up till now there are numerous cases of mob violence in Pakistan where suspects are beaten and handed over to police or at times beaten to death. The frequency of mob violence incidents have increased in ast few years, mostly in Punjab. The incidents portray scaring ferocity. Be it long hours of load-shedding, a criminal caught red handed by the crowd, a traffic tragedy or someone suspected to have committed the act of blasphemy, furious mob increasingly take the law into their hands as if they are the sole accusers, Judges and executioners. This shows the failure of our law enforcement agencies that have been unsuccesstul in catching the criminals, prosecuting and executing them. Their tailed attempts have led people, to a great extent, to act as their own protectors, which has resulted in some very regretful incidents. Growing economic pressures in recent years as well as the states failure to provide security and a functioning Justice system to the people have aggravated these crises, spawned vigilante Justice and entrenched mob rule in our daily life, argues a political scientist wanting to remain anonymous, who works at a public sector university in Lahore. FEW EXAMPLES OF INSENSITIVITY IN OUR SOCIETY: BRUTAL MURDER OF TWO BROTHERS IN SIALKOT: On 15th May 2010, two brothers named Mughees aged 15 and Hafiz Muneeb aged 17 residents of Sialkot were brutally beaten to death. They were accused of snatching a ell phone and injuring the person while committing the crime. Few people suspected them of being the culprits and thus, were subjected to inhumane torture leading to death. The younger brother Mughees died when struck hardly by a rod however the elder one Muneeb was beaten brutally with rods, stones, sticks until he died. Both of them were beaten even after every drop of life was oozed out of them, soaking in blood. It is stated that the elder one begged to be shot dead for once and all for the crime he hadnt committed rather being beaten such inhumanely. The dead bodies were hanged above a water tank and were dragged as well. This incident shows not only the intolerance and horrible ferocity of the crowd but also extreme insensitivity of those who watched and filmed the act. There were about 10 to 15 people who were involved in their murder but more than 40 people as well as police officials to witness the act. The question arises why the crowd showed no reaction of stopping the violent fatal beating? Why they all viewed the act as if they were hypnotized or as robots completely empty of the humanly feelings and emotions? This mob violence shows that our society is an insensitive one; It has indeed been desensitized. The reason I account the incident for is lack of law which has simply eradicated the sense of humanity in us; which has led to us taking the law in hands since the police have failed to play their role. We have taken the responsibility to identify the criminals without any solid proof of their identity and punish them ourselves. Since, we have no proper system to do so, we end up committing acts that cannot be washed away, and they exist as brutal stains of the blood of innocent ones-the misidentified and killed. Such acts of mob violence and people beating the culprits have repeatedly taken place. However, the beaten ones were the true criminals yet such incidents slowly and gradually transfer the power from law enforcement agencies to local public which is a strong alarm for our police and Judiciary as it can lead to results creating a norm less society. In a re-enactment of the Sialkot lynching, two alleged robbers fall prey to mob Justice in Multan on March 26. One of them reportedly shot himself to avoid a painful death at the hands of the crowd. The other was pelted with stones until he died. The unfortunate aspect of these incidents is that police officials side with the mob, turning a blind eye to the rutal, instant punishments meted out to real or imagined criminals. Hence, again proven that we botn the locals and the police nave ourselves created this act ot executing people be it a culprit or an innocent. Another aspect of this is that our media kept showing the videos and the pictures of all these people being murdered, which shows that our media is also an insensitive entity who regardless of what affect their material has, airs the content. Not thinking of the family members of the victims who have to relive the torturous and agonizing moments of their loved ones eing beaten, burned and killed. THE LACK OF RESPONSE OF PEOPLEIN INCIDENTS LIKE LDA FIRE ACCIDENT AND STATE LIFE BUILDING FIRE INCIDENT: The state life building fire incident took place on November 28th 2012, where one Job seeker named Owais Baig who had gone for Job interview died. In order to save himself from fire, he tried to escape out of the window, clinging to it for about ten to fifteen minutes; however, he was not able to hold it for a long time, thus, fell from 8 story building, causing himself fatal injuries. The reason I believe this portrayed lack of sensitivity and response by the people is hat he hang from the window for about ten minutes minimum but during that time no one made any attempts to help him in any way. The video clearly shows that he fell in the area which is almost the first floor, a balcony type area, which was easily accessible and reachable if people would have rushed there to at least catch him or used any material to ensure his fall was not extremely injurious, Unfortunately, people were busy filming the scenario or Just observing the tragic scene. The news channels once again acted inhumanely- airing the video again and again. On May 9 013, fire broke out in LDA building leading to 5 people Jumping from the building as they made failed attempts to save themselves from the blazing fire or one of them who waited for more than four hours for him being rescued. Hence, embracing death. The news channels continuously aired the whole incident for hours. Repeating the video where people Jumped from the building. For them it was mere a coverage of the inferno at LDA but for those whose loved ones preferred death through falling from the height of 135 feet to the ground rather than being burned by fire, it was the worst thing. Our media without considering their feelings not only covered the whole accident live but also played the clips for the whole week. THE CASE OF SARFARAZ SHAH SHOT DEAD BY SINDH RANGERS: Sarfaraz shah was shot dead by rangers in Benazir Bhutto Park. He was suspected to have committed theft. He repeatedly negated the claim leading to rangers firing him twice near the thigh. An anonymous person recorded the whole thing in which on record Sarfaraz begged to be taken to the hospital yet he was not and hence bled to death. The point being that rangers officials who have been appointed to protect us are the ones firing at us. Sarfaraz was unarmed and he was only a suspect of snatching a cell phone without any strong evidence; he was shot Just because he used his right to defend against the blame. Our law enforcement agencies displayed lack of responsibility rather than acting as a sensible entity, acting wholly upon our laws. Furthermore, after being shot, he was not taken to the hospital; he was left to die in pain. Even though tor a second we do assume that ne did commit a crime and he was a threat to our rangers who were equipped with m-14 rifles, firstly 5 to 6 officials couldnt control him, secondly, even after being shot, reducing the potential anger he was depicting, anyone would have showing the least amount of humanity, taken him to the hospital. However, others around him probably seeing the insensitivity of the rangers didnt intervene. The person who recorded the whole incident vanished due to potential threat to his life. Another scenario, the incident of Sikander in Islamabad where the police and other officials refused to fire at him since he had kids and wife along with him, shows that our police and rangers completely lack the sense of how to react when, how to handle different situations. THE ATTITUDE OF SHAHROKH JATOI AFTER BEING CONVICTED FOR MURDERING SHAHZAIB: Even though our society raised its voice against the murder of Shazaib yet the attitude of Shahrukh Jatoi through the trials till his convictions have raised many questions regarding our law, our upper class members. It was evident that his calm composure throughout was there because he knew that his stature in society would ease him getting away from the murder he committed. His attitude showed those belonging to the same status as his that for them committing a heinous act is mere sport and law is nothing for them. He simply showed no sign of regret. When such embers of society exist and spread, society would definitely have the risk to turn into such insensitive members. THE MURDER OF HAMZA AHMED: Hamza Ahmed was shot dead by his school mates guard in defence, Karachi. I will not argue about what was the conflict, Shoaib is guilty or not but about how the guard without thinking who he was firing at, on whose order was he firing at and should he fire or not, shot Hamza 6 times. Hamza and Shoaib were both teenagers. Even if the guard was ordered to shoot if someone laid hands on Shoaib, being a human he should have assessed the situation rather than acting like a robot. Even if Hamza was being too aggressive, he was Just a kid, a slap or two would have been enough to settle him down rather than shooting him 6 times. Isnt that the height of insensitivity? Arent we turning into robots? Having a gun, protecting one, doesnt mean killing others. SURVEY: DESENSITIZATION I adapted a survey questionnaire once conducted on Canadian society, in our society. The respondents were of age 15 to 28, whereas consisted of 54% female and 46% ma e. Their level ot education consisted ot: O college 0 Baccalaureate 25% High school 0 Technical Institute 1% 0 Masters Degree 10% others They were asked the following questions and their responses were: How many hours of TV do you watch per day (on average)? 1 dont watch T. V15% 0 Between O and 1 30% 0 Between 1 and 242% 0 2 and over 13% How many times per week on average do you watch the news on TV? 1-2 37% 0 1 dont watch the news on TV 24% 0 5 and over 23% 3-417% How many times per week on average do you read the newspaper? the Newspaper 39% 0 1-239% 3-410% 0 5 and over 13% I dont read According to people about 38% rated the violence shown in newspapers 3 on the scale of 5. 15% rated 5. And about 61% rated the violence shown on TV news 5 on the cale of 5 and 30% rated 4. Another part of the survey asked the respondents about what they would do or expect an individual when facing a violent situation and their emotional reactions to them on a scale of 5: Faced with a Violent situation: Walking in public you see someone not far from you trip and fall to the ground. The typical individuals reaction would be to: 0 Look to make sure the person is okay 0 Stop to ask the person if he/she needs help getting back up 32% 0 Look away and keep walking, unbothered 17% 0 Laugh discretely 4% Situation 1 [What are your emotional reactions to the previous situations on a scale of 14% 0 3 32% 2. Walking in public you see an adult man not far from you being verbally assaulted to the point of humiliation in a discriminatory or racial manner. The publics reaction would be to: 0 Look and observe 66% 0 Stop to intervene 25% 0 Look away and keep walking, unbothered 7% 0 Laugh discretely at the man being humiliated 1% Situation 210% 518% 2 [What are your emotional reactions to the previous situations on a scale ot Walking in public you see a woman in front of you get robbed by a man. The typical individual will react by: Stopping to ask if the woman is okay 37% 0 Looking away and keep walking, unbothered 30% Looking at the womans expression and/or the robber getting away 24% Running after the robber 10% 0 Laughing discretely 0% Situation 3 [What are your emotional reactions to the previous situations on a scale of 110% 0 334% 0 437% 514% You [4. Walking around the city you notice smoke and fire coming out from a building. How would you and a typical person react? ] Look away and keep walking, unbothered 3% 0 Look from afar to see if there is anybody in the building 21% Call the fire department, the police or the ambulance 63% 0 Try and save the people inside 0 Stand to watch for some action 0% Typical individual [4. Walking around the city you notice smoke and fire coming out from a building. How would you and a typical person react? 0 Look away and keep walking, unbothered 10% 0 Look from afar to see if there is anybody in the building 17% 0 Call the fire department, the police or the ambulance 32% 0 Try and save the people inside 4% 0 Stand to watch for some action 37% Situation 4 [What are your emotional reactions to the previous situations on a scale of 111% 3 27% 5. Walking around you notice someone committing an act of vandalism, say the person is smashing a window tor tun. Do you? Look down on the person 23% Ignore his presence 1 Comment on what he/she is doing loud enough for him/her to hear 3 1% 0 Look at the person until he/she is done whatever he/she is doing Call the police 11% 0 Stop the person, verbally or physically 23% Situation 5 [What are your emotional reactions to the previous situations on a scale of 117% 211% EXPLANATION OF SURVEY OUTCOMES: When asked How many hours of TV do you watch per day (on average)? majority said 1-2 hours daily. When asked How many times per week on average do you watch the news on TV? majority said 1-2 times however 24% stated that they dont watch news whereas 23% stated that they watch news 5 or more times. Thus, showing that minimum 1-2 times and maximum 5 or more times news is watched. When asked How many times per week on average do you read the newspaper? 39% said they read newspaper 1-2 times and 13% more than 5 times. According to people about 38% rated the violence shown in newspapers 3 on the scale of 5. 15% rated 5. And about 61% rated the violence shown on TV news 5 on the scale of 5 and 30% rated 4. Thus, showing that TV news shows extreme violence; placing newspaper on the second in terms of displaying violence. Few of the 5 situations mentioned were linked with some of the past events if analyzed. In our society, street crimes such as mugging, theft, burning things, verbally assaulting someone has increased drastically. Situation 2 in which a man is being verbally assaulted to extreme in a discriminatory or racial manner about 66% said that they would look and observe rather than stopping the one assaulting. This shows that our society members, most of them, would prefer listening to the humiliation rather than sorting the matter. Its no surprise when today we see our society as least pluralistic. Situation 3 talked about an incident where someone is being robbed, about 37% said they would stop o ask if the person is okay after the theft is committed. 30% stated they would walk away, unbothered. This shows that we are unwilling to help our fellow citizens even if we can. I have personally known 2 to 3 victims out of which 2 died. In all incidents the victim took control of the robber/thief but since people didnt help them out, the thief managed to snoot the victim leading to death ot two and one being extremely injured. Situation 4 tried assessing peoples reaction whenever there is a fire. The state life building and LDA fire incidents are examples of lack of response by our society members leading to deaths. When asked what the respondent himself would do if he sees fire, 63% said they would call ambulance and fire department. Only 13% said that they would help physically in such an urgent situation where every moment counts. However, when asked what a second person would do? , majority said that they will watch for some action rather than helping those stuck in inferno. Hence, accepting that the society has become in-sensitive. People indeed showed the typical behavior as anticipated in this survey of observing and waiting for some action in the fire incidents at LDA and State Life fire. In Pakistan, acts of vandalism are very ommon, especially in strikes and in random scenarios as well. The last situation explored that. 31% stated they would comment on what the person is doing however, in real life, in our society, we dont see that. 23% stated they would look at the person until he is done with what he is doing and the same percent said they would stop him verbally or physically or Just look down upon him. I believe what all we do is look at the person terrified and walk away as soon we can and then comment about his action at home. The purpose of the survey was also to see how media violence affects our response to real life violence. I do believe that they do affect us. Since, what and how media covers the violence-real life violence is not only making us habituated to it but also instilling a sense of saving ourselves first no matter how badly the other person needs our help, as in even if we see someone being robbed we prefer running away rather than helping that person. Whenever we see a person or a group of people suffering we take it as this is something that takes place now and then and hence, cannot be helped or anything cant be done. I think its learned helplessness. The idea that we are helpless, no matter what. Even if there is a way out, since, we have been seeing violence and its worst outcomes, we have fed it into our minds that we by ourselves cannot do anything. There is extreme negativity and helplessness prevailing in our society which is making us insensitive as well as increasing the risk of growing chaos and anomie. When we see law enforcing agencies breaking the laws, or committing acts (like the murder of 5 Chechens by FC officials in Quetta and other incidents mentioned in this report) or not doing their duties properly, our society members become more helpless a group of people who se it in their favor by committing crimes whereas the rest becoming victims of them helplessly, since, they know that there is no way out apparently. As a result, violence exceeds and the response to it decreases. SOLUTIONS: I believe media should act sensibly when it comes to reporting incidents. As the most potential medium they should act responsibly considering all the effects they have on the members of the society. A Journalist wrote an article confessing that crime reporters or even the general ones are asked to exaggerate details and it no a then to write in a very explicit manner for example quoting casualties not simply as dead bodies but parts/bits and pieces of dead bodies; Point being creating a very grotesque image. Secondly, those who are responsible for reducing violence of all sorts- the law enforcement agencies should beyond all make sure they play their part to their best and not misuse the authority given to them. Using their common sense, analyzing the situation and acting accordingly is must. We cannot allow the robotic behavior to progress be it the police, military or rangers. We as a society, most importantly the youth and the intellectuals should take the lead in reducing such insensitivity. When we are the ones to point out the issue, then we should take the responsibility to eradicate it as well. CONCLUSION: Pakistan needs to be freed from issues like intolerance, desensitization and lack of patriotism- these are the basic issues that have given birth to many more issues that is burning our country. If only for once and all we could see the big picture and work to eradicate the problems sincerely, Pakistan could be a heaven. REFERENCES: starwelfare. org/post/264/Pakistan:ln-a-maJority-of-incidents-of-mob- violence. html ?https://www. osac. goWpages/ContentReportDetails. aspx? cid=13761

National Electronic Healthcare Record Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

National Electronic Healthcare Record - Essay Example To Blobel (2002), in order to maintain an efficient and high-quality care of patients, the status and processes related to patient’s health, either directly and indirectly, must be provided and managed. Such information, he says, would include medical observation, ward procedures, laboratory results, medical controlling, account management and billing, materials and pharmacy, and the like. As explained by Blobel (2002), inter-organizational virtual electronic healthcare records, in fact, can be built when health information systems within establishments converge to electronic patient record systems. EHRs require that much, he says, but they enable healthcare establishments to build a basis for any communication and cooperation within and between themselves (Ibid). Lander and Daniel (n.d.).defines a virtual electronic health record (EHR) as a collection of individual records that reside in a variety of information systems and locations and on multiple types of media. It contains information from many health-related encounters and will collectively reflect the current health status and lifetime medical history of an individual. There are many benefits that most healthcare professionals agree would ensue if the industry could finally implement a universal EHR. (Smith & Newell, n.d.). A lot of clinical and administrative benefits would be recognized then. As discussed by Smith & Newell (n.d.), there would be immediate and universal access to the patient record, easier and quicker navigation through records, no lost charts, and clinical data that is formatted to be easy to read and analyze. Further, there would be reduction of paperwork, documentation errors, and filing activities. Considered would be coding efficiency and efficacy, alerts for medication errors, drug interactions, and patient allergies, including the ability to electronically transmit information to other providers. As to progress, EHR models are said to be still struggling towards

Rulfos Narrative Techniques & Characterizations of Humanity in El Essay

Rulfos Narrative Techniques & Characterizations of Humanity in El Llano de Llamas - Essay Example Rulfo attained most of his acclaim through his 1955 publication of Pedro Pramo. Yet many literary critics have thought that the genius of Rulfo's works are within his short stories, where "the elaboration of a single event of the introspection of a single character allows him to illuminate the meaning, often the utter despair, of a man's life" (Schade, p.ix). Rulfo utilizes secondary characters, often family members, to cause reactions from the protagonists. By this, we access the protagonists' humanity. In 'Macario,' character is accessed through use of time and place: the story and its events are chaotic. Macario is an individual, but impossible to understand for his complexity. His ideas and perceptions are contrasted with their opposites, all two thousand words of this piece's prose run in one single paragraph. It's difficult for the reader to orientate themselves within the text. More importantly, it is impossible to distinguish Macario's perception of the outside world, the frogs, the toads, Grandmother, Felipa, food, starvation, etc. There is no second character's point of view given within 'Macario' to counter the ideas or impressions stated. There's no one else's dialogue. Readers must take the information and the character as he is and interpret Macario's life, time and place as he gives it. I believe this is the basis for Gyurko (1972) to state that "Character is stripped external appearance and splintered into existential shards; plot is inconsequential or nonexistent; action decelerates into stasis. Narrative continuity is fragmented into bits of dialogue and truncated memory" (p.451). Macario's inner dialogue is difficult to follow. The sequences of his thoughts have a semblance of sequence or order, but in final interpretation, they are weird. Rulfo uses this stylistically. Macario's first sequence of inner dialogue opens the first paragraph of the first page of the first short story in 'El llano de llamas.' While Macario is musing over the frogs that he is waiting for, the readers are introduced to the idea of an individual's complexity and peculiarity: Las ranas son verdes de todo a todo, menos en la panza. Los sapos son negros. Tambin los ojos de mi madrina son negros. Las ranas son buenas para hacer de comer con ellas. Los sapos no se comen; pero yo me los he comido tambin, aunque no se coman, y saben igual que las ranas. Felipa es la que dice que es malo comer sapos. Felipa tiene los ojos verdes como los ojos de los gatos. Rulfo paints a portrait of a disjointed mind, incomprehensible to others. 'Macario' is then used as an overlay to the short stories that follow. The subsequent short stories have to do with tension between people, and often both viewpoints are easily perceptible, unlike Macario's inner ranting. Rulfo uses secondary characters as a tool to give readers feedback on the protagonists. Rulfo's protagonists are often extraordinary and peculiar individuals struggling to survive in un-ordinary and harsh circumstances, like Natalia in 'Talpa' and Ignacio in 'No oyes ladrar a los perros.' Such characters might be difficult for the reader to relate to or comprehend. For this, Rulfo utilizes secondary characters, usually family, like Natalia's mother and Ignacio's father, to build humanity and provide an

Impact of Recession on Movie Industry

Impact of Recession on Movie Industry Foreword Writing this dissertation was a long and exhausting process which included many setbacks and failures. Nevertheless it also was fulfilling and exciting as I was driven by my passion and interest in movies and cinemas in general. I always intended to work for the movie industry one day and hold well- grounded hopes of achieving this goal in the near future. Maybe this dissertation will help to convince the studios of my passion and capabilities. My thanks go to Mr Nick Bowen, who was an outstanding tutor and helped me through rough and inconvenient times with his competence and great sense of humour. I also would like to thank me interviewees Mr Arwed Fischer and Mr Jan Fantl, who provided me with many important information and an inside into the industry. Without them, a big part of the report would not have reached the standard it has now. Finally, I am very grateful for the help of my parents who made it possible for me to go to London and provided me with everything I needed in order to be successful and happy in the future. I do not want to forget to thank everybody else who supported me during this tough time and cheered me up after one of the occasional setbacks. Executive Summary Recently the film studios are experiencing a boost of attendances and ticket sales despite the financial crisis. This already happened in past recessions and therefore will be analysed in this report. One reason for that economical immunity seems to be the technological development such as sound and colour in the past or 3D cinema nowadays. Nevertheless there are some issues the industry has to deal with at the moment, e.g. piracy or substitution goods like videogames. Although 3D movies did fail continuously in the past in terms of economical success, the studios tried it again with an advanced technology and exceeded all expectations when Avatar was released. In this context factors such as rising ticket prices or the limited number of 3D capable cinemas play a big role as well in order to determine the future potential the 3D technology. A few companies already started to produce and sell 3D capable TVs which are supposed to the next economical success the movie landscape. IMAX cinemas suffered a long period of very low attendances and decreasing ticket sales until advanced 3D technology has been used to produce movies. Since then the IMAX group notes record breaking attendances and boosting profits. Two surveys have been analyzed and compared to each other. One, published in 2005 by Opinion Dynamics Corporation alre ady showed some curious facts on 3D cinema and its likely success in the future. The second one has been generated online by the author of this report in 2010 amongst a group of people from 10 countries. In terms of forecasting a success of 3D movies it is very hard for the studios to forecast the success of a single movie or even a whole new technology. They mostly try to find what is most appealing to the audience (unlike independent productions) and therefore have their analysts forecasting risks and returns. Nevertheless DisplaySearch 3D Display Technology conducted a forecast which is quite optimistic and expects increases in every sector of the movie industry (cinemas, home cinemas etc). The recommendations include the authors personal opinion of how the 3D technology will influence the cinema landscape and the options studios have to market it properly. By interviewing people from the movie industry the author gathered some inside knowledge which he tried to apply to his recommendations. Therefore it is expected that the boom of 3D movies will slow down slightly but continue to strengthen again. In the long term it is expected that the new technology will have a positive impac t on the movie industry. 1. Introduction According to Dreamworks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg, the upcoming 3D movie technology is the greatest innovation to occur in the movie business in 70 years. (CNN Online, 2008) This statement shows the hope of the whole industry for more attendances and a revolution in the movie market. An increasing amount of movie studios shift their productions towards the new technology. As a result this is discussed in a rising number of TV-shows, magazines and newspapers. Despite the fact that videogames are becoming more popular and the financial credit crisis has reduced average income, going to the movies still seems to be a big part of daily life all over the world. This happens even though the whole film industry seems to be in a crisis, as will be explained below. Initially 3D movies were produced using 2 separate projectors to produce one double image and running two separate rolls of film. Nowadays the technology is far more advanced which means that digital projectors are installed in cinemas producing sharper and steadier images. There also is a difference in production between real movies and animated ones. Animated movies are not produced with real cameras but use computers to create and render every single shot from two angles. Live action movies on the other hand are filmed by new dual lens digital cameras that are able to capture two points of view. (BBC news, 2009) Movie attendances in the United States decreased by 2, 6 %, falling to its lowest level since 1997, whereas revenues fell from $1,484 billion in 2004 to $1,364 billion in 2008. In the same period the amount of screens jumped from 35,993 to 39,476. To be able to show 3D movies, it is necessary to upgrade to digital screens; here the number increased from only 138 in 2004 to 4,576 in 2008, a rising trend. (Marche du film, 2009) Linking these data leads to the conclusion that the movie industry is keen to establish and invest in a new technology in order to make going to the cinema more attractive to its customers and increase attendances in the short and long-term. The following report analyses the current status of the movie industry and shows the likely economic impact in times of recession on the worldwide market. The industries main current issues and a forecast based on trends and profound market research are also examined. 2. Literature Review This chapter summarises and evaluates the related research of what has been written about the research topic. Opinions and data from many different people, working for the movie industry or being close enough to venture a forecast, have been taken into account and evaluated objectively. The chapter also defines and explains the new 3D movie technology, its history and its characteristics from different perspectives. Furthermore it covers several models and theories and talks about reports and how to estimate their importance. This is followed by an evaluation to point out weaknesses or gaps in the literature. The final part will consist of a link to the initial research question and what the plan for proceeding is. Overall, there are 3 main questions to be covered in this chapter: 1. How did big studios fight back in past recessions? 2. How have technical developments influenced business in the past in different markets? 3. What are current issues in the industry? It also is evident that due to the newness of the topic chosen, there are certain constraints in terms of what kind of literature is currently available. Therefore the main sources cited are websites as well as primary research. 2.1 Comebacks of the Studios in Past Recessions After the first big Wall Street Crash in 1929, admissions rose by 58% compared to the previous year. (Entertainment times online, 2008) According to John Fithian, president of the National Association of Theatre Owners in America, this means that â€Å"In the past four decades there have been seven recession years in this country, and the box office has climbed strongly in five of those years,† (Entertainment times online, 2008) According to the Academy of Management Journal (1996), between 1936 -1950 property based resources such as long-term contracts with stars and theatres helped financial performance to stabilize. Contrary to the period of 1951-65, when knowledge- based resources such as coordination and production talent and budgets increased financial performance. (Academy of Management Journal, 1996, pp. 519-543) Asking some of the most important and powerful people in the U.S. and UK movie industry shows that the majority believes that the current recession either is an opportunity or even a reason for rising sales. But what is the reason for that surprising success in economic downturns? Besides new technologies, which unfortunately are not always released at the right time, the studios decide to publish more comedies and action movies, to help the audience to escape from their monetary problems. In the USA, three of the top-five movies in terms of gross profit of 2009 are comedies: Mall Cop, Hes Just Not That into You and Bride Wars. (CNN movies, 2009) This permits us to draw the conclusion that a recession does not necessarily lead to a break-down of sales in the movie industry. But did past recessions really have no impact or even a positive impact on the movie industry? Not everyone agrees with the theory of increasing sales in recessions though. Gerald Peary, a documentary filmmaker and critic in Boston, Massachusetts, believes that the market will be flooded with intellectually less challenging movies since they are the ones that are more likely to succeed on the audience with smaller budget. In his opinion The dumber the movie is, sometimes, the more money it makes, which states that Those movies are somehow both critic proof and depression proof. (CNN movies, 2009) Another point of view is represented by Basinger, the film historian who assumes that it is still too soon to predict any trends concerning the recession and movies. She points out that recessions leads to faster changes in the movie scene. Also for her, going to the movies is not highly affected by the crisis, as it still is [] the cheapest and fullest way to abandon your troubles and lose yourself in a story. (CNN movies, 2009) Even in some of the worst recessions, economy ever has experienced, the movie industry mostly has been of the few sectors that was able to maintain its position in the market or even increase admissions. This is due to peoples not changing consumer behaviour. Even though they got affected by economic downturns, most of them still wanted to escape from their misery for a few hours. It also is an opportunity for independent film makers to realize low-budget productions, as movie studios get more cost- conscious when their stocks fall during a crisis. Henceforth studios prefer to invest little money in innovative productions and directors hoping for a reasonable return of investment. 2.2 Technological influence on Business in the past Around 120 years ago, films were little more than drawings that seemed to come alive with motion. Then, in 1877 Emile Reynaud had patented a machine, the ‘Praxinoscope, which projected seemingly moving paintings onto a screen. An upgrade of his invention, the Projection Praxinoscope, which was a large-scale Praxinoscope, got patented in 1888 and was used for public projection. Reynaud started to screen his films, accompanied by music on a regular base. Yet that early atmosphere and technology were very similar to today screenings. (Kinogeschichte, 2009) Using spools to feed and take-up the extended picture band, sequences were no longer limited to short cyclic movements. This was the first and important step for commercial use which has been so essential for successful cinematography. (Exeter, 2000) Nevertheless, there were still many issues concerning films, amongst other things the length of them or the lack of sound. To compensate this problem, it was tried to create a more realistic, narrative and psychological atmosphere using on-screen text and a pianist accompanying the film. Back in 1927, after the introduction of movies with full sound, cinema attendances jumped up from 57 million to 90 million in 1930 (Shmoop statistics, 2009) and made them even more popular. This demonstrates that introducing a revolutionary technology can lead to soaring attendances and higher box office sales for the studios. Also the lack of colour on screen was tried to be compensated to improve the movie experience. One of the first ideas was to tint the film reels but later prising companies such as ‘Technicolor and ‘Eastmancolor, made it possible to use new ways of colouring and achieved the objective of a deeper and more intense atmosphere. (Inventors library) Nowadays black/white movies disappeared almost completely from the world of movies. Although, the success of films like ‘Schindlers List (Steven Spielberg, 1993) and ‘Clerks (Kevin Smith, 1994) shows that it is still possible to achieve commercial and critical success with monochrome. (David Parkinson 1995, pg 112) After releasing the first full-colour, La Cucaracha (1934), coloured movies became more and more popular. In the late 1930s, the films,Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937, Disney), were a huge success. Last one still is considered a milestone as it was thefirstfeature-length animated film. (Filmsite, 2007) Introducing new, revolutionary technologies and giving them the chance to go to maturity stage of the product lifecycle always has been very profitable for movie studios. Be it the implementation of sound or the introduction of colour, people loved to spend their money on being amused in cinemas. 2.3. Current issues in the industry There are more problems and issues the movie industry has to deal with besides the current substantial crisis and recessions. These will be examined in the following sections. 2.3.1 Videogames as substitution goods Amongst many threats for the movie industry such as the highly developed internet, DVDs and an increasing amount of home activities, one of the main problems for the movie theatres and studios is the rising and durable success of videogames. First released in the 1980s, videogames have been designed for a significantly smaller target audience. This was attributed to the fact computers were still in the early stage of their product life cycle and thus the presence of computers in the average household was a much less common occurrence. The commercial use of computers was much more prominent during this period, than their household residential usage. Even with the introduction of platforms such as the SNES (Super Nintendo Entertainment System) in the 1990s, the Videogame industry was still viewed as a niche market. It was never anticipated to develop into a competitor of the movie industry as it is nowadays. Currently, the profit generated from videogames equates to that of their movie counterparts. Current trends indicate that consumers have a tendency to spend more on buying videogames as opposed to going to the movies which has been identified as a huge threat for the studios. Just recently, in the beginning of November 2009, Activision Blizzard Incs released Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 and anticipated more than $660 million in sales from 11-13 million sold units by the end of 2009. Also previous games were big hits in terms of sales as the table below shows. Top video games sales on their first day ( Reuters, 2009) Figure 1 These data can be compared to Top Hollywood worldwide opening weekends: ( Reuters, 2009) Figure 2 As aforementioned and illustrated by the tables (Figure 1 Figure 2) above, it is evident that data solidifies the trend that an increasing number of consumers are changing their consumer behaviour and purchasing videogames which they may enjoy at home. Another possibility for the rising success of videogames could be the fact of potential consumers rather staying home than spending money on transport for getting there and quite expensive snacks and drinks in the cinema. This data backs up the trend that more and more consumers tend to shift from going to the movies to buying videogames which they can enjoy at home. Even if they are more expensive (around $50/ unit depending on the platform) the duration of playing them is far higher than only two hours. This makes them a substitution good with which the studios have to deal with now and most likely even more in the future. On the other hand this also creates new opportunities for the movie and the game industry to work together and create profits by co-operating. This is already working in terms of converting movies to videogames but also the other way around. 2.3.2 Piracy Another very recent issue and problem for the movie industry is the rapid spread of illegal movie copies, also known as pirate copy. In 2007, downloads of movies rose by 50 % in Germany, mostly saved as digital copies. ( Welt online, 2009) According to The Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI), the cost of motion picture piracy is significant high and an essential threat to the studios and the whole industry. The loss for the movie industry was $6, 1 billion in 2006. Taking all industries into account that are related to the movies that number would add up to $20.5 billion annually. This means that not only the studios and related companies lose money. It also means that people are losing jobs. Piracy being absent, 141,030 new jobs would have been added to the U.S. economy in 2006 (IPI, 2006) Henceforth the studios are in an on-going war with the movie pirates trying to reduce losses. The enormous impact on U.S. and worldwide economy forced the industry to consider distinct strategie s to decrease or even stop piracy. Besides Ads, showing movie pirates chased by police and going to prison as for every other federal crime, the industry also adopted a hard line by suing them for compensation. This found its peak in sending four men to prison for one year and ordering them to pay $3.6 million of compensation to major film companies such as Warner Brothers, Columbia, Twentieth Century Fox, Sony BMG and EMI. (CNN Piracy, 2009) They operated a Swedish movie pirate website which has been judged of being illegal. In total, piracy and the recession have reduced DVD sales in the UK by around 10 % and in the US by even 13 %. The problem for the studios is that DVD sales are responsible for half a titles long-term profits and more than double the revenue than from tickets sold. (Independent Online 3D Revolution, 2010) Hence Hollywood always tries to find new ways of protecting their movies and anticipate copyright theft. Consequently they always need new technologies which cannot be hacked but according to Arwed Fischer (Fischer, 2010), it is almost impossible to find the perfect safety. Hackers are able to break any copy protection within days or hours. In fact, this made him quit the job as resources seem to be wasted on nothing. Critics on the other hand state that the way of how to calculate losses for the movie industry is neither transparent nor comprehensible. The studios claim that each single pirate copy is the same as one loss of attendance. This is one of the reasons why mentioned losses are extraordinary high. People that just downloaded the movie and never considered going to the cinema or buying it on DVD are not included in these statistics which makes them quite subjective. On the other hand, the new 3D technology makes studios feel quite safe at the moment as it yet is impossible to pirate 3D featured movies. Hence people who want to experience this new way of cinema must go to the m ovies and pay for their tickets. James Cameron also is aware of this unique selling point when he says: You can pirate a 3D movie but you cant pirate it in 3D, so you cant bottle that 3D experience. (New Yorker Online, 2009) Although this is a justifiable and legitimate objection, piracy remains one of the industries biggest problems. Even if not each ‘pirate can be considered a loss of attendance and ticket sales, it remains an act of stealing. The studios spend millions of Dollars to produce profitable movies which are linked to many jobs. That should not be undermined by downloading movies instead of going to see them in the cinemas and pay the entrance fee. 3. Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction This chapter explains the approaches used to facilitate a precise and specific answer to the initial research question. In order to gather relevant and accurate information both, quantitative and qualitative data will be used. However the authors focus will be on qualitative data collection. The potential bias of primary is quite low due to a wide range of interview partners, all from different sides. Secondary data has been gathered under same criteria in order to minimise the risk of potential bias. Where, if possible, the author tried to look for alternative explanations and to show that he was aware of any potential bias. 3.2 Justification of Research Perspective Every research requires distinct methods recommended for structuring research programs. In this dissertation, it has been chosen to base all outcomes and results on actual data or professional forecasts like interviews, surveys and questionnaires. Copies of them can be found in the appendix. A high level of discipline was necessary and essential at the beginning of the research. Even though it got disappointing at some points, as the researcher took a wrong path, objectives from books by Mark Saunders (2009) helped the author to keep focused and motivated. According to Saunders * â€Å"Data are collected systematically * Data are interpreted systematically * There is a clear purpose; to find things out† (Saunders et al, 2009) 3.3 Primary Data Collection The author attempted to use all the important primary data collection methods such as interviews, networking and surveys in order to analyse the data objectively. This leads towards an accurate answer to the initial research question. Interviews with people from the movie industry such as former employees of copyright companies and cinema owners have given a deep insight into the topic. Interviewees are: * Arwed Fischer, former employee of X-Protect GmbH in Munich * Representative of the Kinopolis group, one of the biggest German cinema chains, who wants to stay anonymous. * Jan Fantl, producer, production manager and former director Several approaches for the interview structure have been considered and led to the following conclusion: Although unstructured interviews have the advantage of complete freedom in terms of content and structure ( Kumar R, 2005), the author of this report decided to mostly use structured or hybrid interviews for his research purposes. This represents a spot in-between the unstructured and structured interviews in Figure 3. That was given due to the fact that face-to face interview were not possible for a number of reasons such as travelling cost or lack of time of the interviewees. Nevertheless personal interviews would have given the author some advantages such as observing his interviewee as well as listening to him or the chance to gather the data more efficiently. (Hollwitz, J. Wilson, C.E. 41-52) Therefore it has been decided to make use of telephone interviews, which are far less costly than personal ones, and mail questionnaires which require accurate question design to match reading comprehension of the interviewees. (Using Structured Interviewing Techniques, 1991) Especially mail interviews have been proofed to be quite efficient because interviewees took their time to think about the questions before answering them. An online survey has been generated and distributed by the author of this report. 47 people aged 22- 50 and from 10 countries filled out this online survey which has been piloted before with 5 people in order to make it more precise and accurate for a wider audience. It was created on the 07.April 2010 and has been closed on the 07.May 2010 .To generate it the online platform www.surveymonkey.com has been used. The complete survey can be found in the appendix of this report. Due to easier access given times and resources it was not possible to have interviews in other countries like the USA or India. At a later point in this report it has been compared to another survey taken by Opinion Dynamics Corporation in 2005 before the 3D technology boomed yet. This will show the process and change of customers opinion on 3D movies. Also a questionnaire has been conducted by the author. It has been sent via to several people of the movie industry. The response rate was rather poor as asked peo ple seemed to be busy. Standard questions have been used in order to facilitate the collection of data and due to limitations in terms of time and resources. The questionnaire can be found in the appendices in section 8.1 As aforementioned, the potential bias has been considered in the evaluation process. Another option to be deemed is the use of a supervisor or mentor. He made sure that collected data was rather objective than subjective and could provide the author with constructive criticism. 3.4 Secondary Data Collection Thanks to a wider range of secondary data available, the author collected a lot of relevant information on the topic. He did this through a critical evaluation of literature, not only from the USA but also from Europe to accomplish a fair and accurate picture of the industry and its potential in the future. Parts of the research were also based on past and current trends and forecasts that justify arguments and recommendations. In order to sufficiently cut down the total amount of data, the author interpreted data sourced mainly from smaller subgroups rather than â€Å"all possible groups† (Saunders et al 2009, p 150 152)This method saves the author valuable time and also makes research and evaluation of data more efficient by using a smaller pool of information. As every other method, this one also has disadvantages, such as gathering the wrong kind of data or using irrelevant data which cannot answer the initial research question accurately. Also some academic literature such as the The Academy of Management Journal has been used to provide a different angle of the research question. A SWOT analysis on the current situation of the 3D Technology and outline possible threats and opportunities for the whole movie industry has been carried out. As a planning tool a SWOT analysis has many benefits like the simplicity of taking one. Nevertheless this can lead to problems like underestimating the value of a SWOT analysis or to an imprecise and weakly conducted analysis. (Ferrel Hardline, 2007, p. 119-120) More benefits can be seen in Figure 4: (Ferrel Hardline, 2007) Figure 4 3.5 Conclusion of Methodology Using all the aforementioned methods and approaches, the author attempted to find an accurate answer to the research question. Giving the reader a deep insight into the topic and a widespread view of the 3D Technology opportunities and risks has lead to a complete understanding of the subject. All data has been analyzed and evaluated neutrally so a conclusion has been objectively drawn. 4. Findings and Analysis This chapter starts with an explanation of the technical side of 3D technology used today followed by an overview of the history of 3D movies and a SWOT analysis. After that, the role of 3D movies in general and in combination with IMAX cinemas as well as the importance of Avatar will be discussed. The chapter will concluded with the comparison of two surveys (for further information please see research methodology) and a forecast. 4.1. How does 3D technology exactly work? First of all, the binocular vision system is based on the fact that the eyes of a human being are spaced 5 cm apart. Consequently each eye sees the picture from a different angle. At the same time the binocular vision system in a brain is using the difference to calculate the distance. The brain also has the ability to show a relationship between those images even though they are slightly different. The brain can choose objects in the two scenes and work out how far an object is between those images. (How Stuff works 3D glasses, 2010) The reason for wearing 3d glasses is to provide different images into your eyes. The movie screen in fact shows two different images and the glasses cause one of the images to go into one eye and the other one to enter the second eye. There are two widespread systems of doing it * Polarization: The majority of the big studios such as Disney or Universal the first choice are polarized lenses for the glasses because they allow colour viewing. Two synchronized projectors project two individual views onto the screen, each with a diverse polarization. The glasses only let one of the images to enter each eye because they hold lenses that are polarized as well. This is comparable with the polarization of sunglasses. (Filmindustry, 2009) * Red/Green or Red/ Blue. Since polarization cannot be used on a traditional TV screen (unlike on upcoming 3D TVs which will be dealt with later on in section 4.7) the red/green system is used. Again 2 images are displayed on the screen, one in red and one in blue/green. The filters of the glasses only allow one picture to enter each eye. The brain has to correlate those pictures as aforementioned. It is not really possible to use a nor

Personal exercise plan For a football player Essay

A defender playing football has to have different requirements, these are as follows: Reaction time- a defender needs a good reaction time because when he receive s he ball he has to immediately take control and find a team player to which he can safely pass to. Flexibility- a defender needs good flexibility so he can reach out as far as possible to take the ball off an opponent. Muscular endurance- a defender needs good muscular endurance because he has to be playing for 90 minutes and cant let his muscles get tiered quickly. Muscular power- a defender needs good muscular strength so when he is one on one with an opponent and they collide he is not fallen of his feet. Speed- a defender needs to have a lot of speed so he can out run opponents and clear the ball out of his area. Agility- a defender needs good agility so when he is running in front of a opponent he can quickly move direction to have more positions to pass the ball to. Coordination- a defender needs good coordination because he has to be able to run and control the ball smoothly. Balance- a defender needs good balance so he is always on his feet when running and performing skills. Why it is important to have a warm up and warm down: Warm up A warm up is a period of gentle exercises preparing the body for a physical activity to follow. A warm up is important because it prepares your cardio vascular system for exercise, increases heart rate/ body temperature and it warms up your muscles. A warm up also loosens joints, prevents injuries [E. g. prevent you pulling a muscle because If u don’t warm up your muscles and you start a phsical activity you can pull a muscle very easly . A warm is done in 3 steps, these steps are a follow: 1. Pulse raiser- it prepares your cardio vascular system for exercise, increases heart rate/ body temperature and it warms up your muscles. 2. Stretching, which loosens joints, prevents injuries [pulling a muscle] 3. Skills, which gets you physiologically prepared Warm down A warm down is a period of light exercise at the end of a training session to insure a successful recovery will take place. A warm down is important because it allows the body to recover and it prevents your muscles from aching that hard. It also shortens recovery time and. It also removes carbon dioxide and lactic acid from your muscles. My circuit My circuit will consist of eight stations working different parts of the body. Each station will be carried out for 50 seconds and then will be followed by a 40 second rest period which will decrease by 5 seconds each week , this reason being I will be more fitter and I would not rest as much. Also by doing this it will be more challenging. I will carry out this circuit once a week for six weeks. My circuit will mainly concentrate on the arm and leg muscles because they are mainly needed for a defender in football. They also need good pectorals because of their power they need to be stronger than the striker. So if they are coming to you running fast and you try to take the ball of them and they are more stronger, then the impact will go on you then you would fall down and they would score. My circuit will begin with a warm up [as in any other sport]. There will be 3 stages to my warm up this reason being when your working on a circuit a lot muscles are being used to prevent injury I will have to do warm up thoroughly. 1. The First stage is to get my heart beat going. This is called a pulse raiser. The pulse raiser I have chosen is to jog for 7 minutes. This will increase my body temperature and get the heart supplying oxygen quickly to all the body parts being used [e. g. muscles]. 2. The Second stage is stretching your muscles after have been warmed up by the pulse raiser. I will hold each stretch for no longer or shorter than 8 seconds. I will do various different stretches as if you look below I will explain all of them in order:My circuit will have 8 stations. I have designed this circuit so that each station will be working on different muscles. The circuit is designed like this so that 1 muscle is no working to hard again and again other wise if it were you would not be putting your best ability in the stations . These are the stations in order: 1. Star jumps: This station works on the legs. The muscles being worked are the hamstring, quadriceps and gastrocnemius which is important for a defender in football because he has to keep moving and defending without his legs getting tiered because he game is 90 minutes and he has to last the whole of a the 90 minute period. 2. Press-ups: This station works on the arms. This includes the bicep, triceps and the pectorals being worked, which is important for a defender because he needs strong arms to help increase speed and to maintain a good balanced position while playing in the game. 3. Sit-ups: This station works on the abdominal which is important for a defender in football because he needs to be able to move side to side as quick as possible so he can doge players while trying to clear the ball. Squats: This station works on the legs, which include all the muscles on the leg that are hamstring, quadriceps and gastrocnemius. This is important for a defender in football because he has stay standing on his feet and keep moving to defend his goal for 90 minutes non stop so he needs strong legs to help him. 5. Pull-ups: This station works on the arms, which include the bicep and trip being worked. This is important for a defender because he needs strong arms to help increase speed and to maintain a good balanced position while playing in the game. 6. Squat thrusts: This station works on the abdominal which is important for a defender in football because he needs to be able to move side ways to make sure the opponent does not get close enough to get the ball from him. 7. Shuttle runs: This station works on arms and legs. The muscles being worked are the bicep, triceps, hamstring, quadriceps and gastrocnemius. Which are the most important for a defender in football. This is because the football depends on them a lot so they must be strong enough to help the player last a whole 90 minute game while he is running, kicking the ball and is always on his feet. My circuit will end with a warm down, which is really important because I have to remove all the lactic acid and carbon dioxide from my body. It also will lower down the heartbeat and reduce the blood tempreture. My warm down witch I have chosen will be o walk for 7 minutes. This will give me enough time to recover. Principles of training S. P. O. R. T Specific Progression Overload Reversibility Tedium Specific: The training I have designed is specific to football. Progression: I will progress my body to build something up. I will train, recover and then train more. Overload: I will make muscles work harder. The training must be raided to a higher level then normal. To do this I will look at Reversibility: is not achieved in circuit training if the above are adhered to Tedium: is overcome in circuit training by ensuring the sequence of exercises are organised to avoid, as far as possible, two consecutive stations stress in the same muscle groups. Due to the variety of exercises providing a balance loading on different body parts.

Business Studies Essay

What does the nature of business mean ? Usually, when filling out some kind of form, â€Å"nature of business† refers to the type or general category of business or commerce you are describing. For example, if you worked at McDonald’s, the nature of your business is food services. â€Å"Nature of Business† means what type of business your are doing? like Wholesale, Retail or Service, Manufacturing, Marketing, etc. If you want more specific, then HBA wholesale, Car Service, Furniture manufacturing, health Drinks Marketing, etc. The nature of business, means what exactly your business is doing and what is the service/product you are offering. For example the nature of â€Å"Walmart† as a business is â€Å"Retail† and the nature of â€Å"Microsoft† is â€Å"Software. † Internal and External Influences on businesses The external environment includes those factors over which the business has little control, such as government policy, technology, economic conditions and social attitudes. The internal environment includes these factors over which the business has some degree of control, such as products, location, resources, management and business culture. External Influences on business  ·Economic  ·Financial  ·Markets  ·Competitive siuation Technological  ·Institutional  ·Political  ·Legal  ·Social  ·Geographic If you had a shop and everyone decided to go to another shop that would be an econmic disaster! If this continues for a month then the business would close, employees would be laid off, and landlords and suppliers will not be paid. Charasteristics of boom perios – Higer lever of employment -Inflation may increase – The level of spending by consumers increases as they have more confidence in the economy Characteristics of recessi on period – Unemployment levels rise – Inflation may remain stable or fall Wages are less likely to rise as employers – The level of spending usually decreases Internal influences on Business – Product – The types of good and services will affect the internal operations of a business, The product influence and the size of the business -Location -A good location is an asset and will lead to high levels of sales and profits and a bad location is a liability that adversely affects sales and products  ·Location Factors – Visibility, promixity to customers, promixity to suppliers and promiximity to support devices -Management- Resource management -Business culture Failure to SME failure  ·Failure to plan  ·lack of information  ·leaderhsip skills  ·inaccurate record keeping  ·new taxes  ·not enough sales  ·economic turndown  ·staff difficulties Success to SMEs  ·Entrepemtual abilities

Comparing Christopher Marlow’s Doctor Faustus and William...

Desire for Knowledge and Power in Christopher Marlow’s Doctor Faustus and William Shakespeare’s Macbeth Plays written during the Renaissance often show how an individual is shaped by that person’s deepest ambitions, such as the desire to know, to rule, or to love, and how these aspirations can lead people down dramatic paths. Christopher Marlow’s Doctor Faustus and William Shakespeare’s Macbeth both involve noble protagonists who are portrayed as true subjects - tragic heroes; their selfhood is defined by their ambition and the decisions that they struggle with while attempting to reach their goals. Knowledge and power are the key objects of their desires: Faustus’ desire is intellectual, he seeks omniscience, and Macbeth wants to†¦show more content†¦This allusion foreshadows Faustus’ eventual downfall, in which he too will be foiled by an attempt to reach too high toward his desire for knowledge. The opening lines of Marlowe’s play show that Faustus is a philosopher and a self-reflecting person who realizes that he lacks knowledge, and who searches for the secrets of life: â€Å"[s]ettle thy studies, Faustus, / and begin to sound the depths of that thou wilt profess† (1.1-2). Faustus’ recurring tendency to refer to himself in the third person during his soliloquies underscores his subjectivity and his self-consciousness. The fact that the play begins with him alone in his study, soliloquizing about scholastic matters, immediately gives Faustus a semblance of individuality. Faustus’ individuality and personal desire for knowledge are enhanced in this scene when he states to Valde and Cornelius, Philosophy is odious and obscure, Both law and psychics are for petty wits; Divinity is basest of the three, Unpleasant, harsh, contemptible and vile. ‘Tis magic, magic that hath ravished me (1.106-110). Faustus is not satisfied with his previous knowledge, and he expresses discontent in the areas of theology, medicine, law, etc. He searches for ultimate knowledge and he wants to learn to manipulate it. His quest for knowledge fuels his desire to embark upon a new science and